Linear and nonlinear relationships between visual stimuli, EEG and BOLD fMRI signals
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In the present study, the cascaded interactions between stimuli and neural and hemodynamic responses were modeled using linear systems. These models provided the theoretical hypotheses that were tested against the electroencephalography (EEG) and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data recorded from human subjects during prolonged periods of repeated visual stimuli with a variable setting of the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and visual contrast. Our results suggest that (1) neural response is nonlinear only when ISI<0.2 s, (2) BOLD response is nonlinear with an exclusively vascular origin when 0.25<ISI<4.2 s, (3) vascular response nonlinearity reflects a refractory effect, rather than a ceiling effect, and (4) there is a strong linear relationship between the BOLD effect size and the integrated power of event-related synaptic current activity, after modeling and taking into account the vascular refractory effect. These conclusions offer important insights into the origins of BOLD nonlinearity and the nature of neurovascular coupling, and suggest an effective means to quantitatively interpret the BOLD signal in terms of neural activity. The validated cross-modal relationship between fMRI and EEG may provide a theoretical basis for the integration of these two modalities.
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In event-related or block designs, the size of the BOLD response to repeated stimuli over long intervals is roughly proportional to the integrated power of stimulus-evoked synaptic activity in the brief period after each stimulus.
“For event-related or block-design paradigms, it has been shown that the BOLD effect size given repeated stimuli in a long time-scale is approximately proportional to the integral of the power of stimulus-evoked synaptic activity in a short period following each stimulus (151).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [151]
This relationship provides a quantitative model linking fMRI to EEG/MEG and allows a more principled use of fMRI to constrain the EEG/MEG inverse solution for stimulus-evoked responses.
“This relationship yields a quantitative model to relate fMRI to EEG/MEG, enabling a more principled way for using fMRI to constrain the EEG/MEG inverse solution for stimulus-evoked responses (150–152).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [151]
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- Authors
- Liu, Z., Rios, C., Zhang, N., Yang, L., Chen, W., & He, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- He, Bin
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1054-1066
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2841568
- OpenAlex
- W2148211890
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship@UMassChan (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (RO1EB007920, RO1EB006433, P41RR008079, P30NS057091)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- neurovascular coupling, interstimulus interval, visual contrast, vascular response, visual stimulation, hemodynamic response
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Brain, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Linear Models, Nonlinear Dynamics, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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