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Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation
Open accessAbstract
Although prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the cognitive regulation of emotion, the cortical-subcortical interactions that mediate this ability remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we identified a right ventrolateral prefrontal region (vlPFC) whose activity correlated with reduced negative emotional experience during cognitive reappraisal of aversive images. We then applied a pathway-mapping analysis on subcortical regions to locate mediators of the association between vlPFC activity and reappraisal success (i.e., reductions in reported emotion). Results identified two separable pathways that together explained approximately 50% of the reported variance in self-reported emotion: (1) a path through nucleus accumbens that predicted greater reappraisal success, and (2) a path through ventral amygdala that predicted reduced reappraisal success (i.e., more negative emotion). These results provide direct evidence that vlPFC is involved in both the generation and regulation of emotion through different subcortical pathways, suggesting a general role for this region in appraisal processes.
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“Further, greater dmPFC activation and connectivity with the amygdala corresponded to reappraisal success in both healthy individuals (Banks, Eddy, Angstadt, Nathan, & Phan, 2007; Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008) and patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2009).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Wager, Davidson, Hughes, Lindquist, & Ochsner, 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In one of the studies (Wager et al., 2008), when the rated success of emotional regulation was regressed on the cognitive reappraisal of emotion contrast, the dlPFC contribution was smaller and that of the lOFC/vlPFC larger than in the standard subtraction analysis (Figure 5).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Wager et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some studies demonstrated the role of VLPFC on mediating Amygdala activity in respect to negative stimuli41,42”
From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The emotional Stroop task regularly shows prefrontal activations both in dlPFC and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC)/vlPFC (Eippert et al., 2007; Wager et al., 2008; Kanske et al., 2011; Golkar et al., 2012; Buhle et al., 2014)”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Wager et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“This dual role of the VLPFC in emotion regulation may be reflected in positive amygdala-VLPFC associations which negatively predict regulation success and positive VS-VLPFC associations which positively predict regulation success (Wager et al., 2008).”
From Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation—an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis (2014) · cites this paper as Wager et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“but one can infer from our analyses and the literature, that a highly plausible candidate structure in the direct pathway model would be the VLPFC as it detects salience, is a core structure for appraisal processes (Hampshire et al., 2010; Wager et al., 2008) and would also be in a good position to initiate higher order cognitive processes or complex behaviors through its involvement in the medial”
From Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation—an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis (2014) · cites this paper as Wager et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“In this study, vmPFC activity was associated with increased reappraisal success in a manner mediated by changes in the ventral striatum, though other dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal regions are likely to be important as well [54,55].”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“In one recent study, positive reappraisal reduced amygdala responses to aversive visual images and increases activity in the ventral striatum, which in turn predict reappraisal effects on emotional experience [54] (figure 1h).”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“A second prediction is that reappraisal-related fMRI activity will emerge when controlling for activity in lateral cortical ‘attention systems’ (partially done in [54]; see Supplementary Online Materials for additional discussion).”
From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“the NAc-vmPFC pathway previously shown to be important for emotion/pain regulation, and valuation in a range of contexts [6],[53],[74]–[77]”
From Distinct Brain Systems Mediate the Effects of Nociceptive Input and Self-Regulation on Pain (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Ex-partner versus Friend was predicted by increased activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), right temporal parietal junction (TPJ) and precuneus, which are reliably associated with mentalizing about others38,39, and several other regions associated with negative emotion and its regulation20,40,41, including thalamus, supplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus.”
From Separate neural representations for physical pain and social rejection (2014) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“and VS activity mediated the relationship between ventrolateral PFC activation and reappraisal success (i.e. less negative emotional experience).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Wager et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Wager and colleagues (2008) found that ventrolateral PFC activation was positively correlated with that of the VS when engaging in cognitive reappraisal of aversive images”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Wager et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Similarly, ventral lPFC has also been identified in studies of negative affect following social exclusion (Sebastian et al., 2009), emotion regulation in labeling negative affect (Lieberman et al., 2007), and negative emotion reappraisal (Wager et al., 2008).”
From Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making (2013) · cites this paper as Wager et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Given its role in reward processing, the ventral striatum may serve to aid in the reappraisal of negative experiences into positive interpretations (Masten et al., 2009, Wager et al., 2009).”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Wager et al., 2009
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Wever, M. C. M., van Houtum, L. A. E. M., Janssen, L. H. C., Will, G., Tollenaar, M. S., & Elzinga, B. M. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117886 · Cited by 16
Neural basis for egalitarian sharing in five-to six-year-old children
Meng, X., & Moriguchi, Y. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107787 · Cited by 14
Li, W., Li, Y., & Cao, D. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113042 · Cited by 14
Tu, C., Chen, C., Yang, C.-C., Gałecki, P., & Su, K. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10040283 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, it has been suggested that the vlPFC may associated with affective response regulation [38,39].”
BackgroundSuggestion of cognitive enhancement improves emotion regulation.
Long, Q., Hu, N., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Yuan, J., & Chen, A. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000629 · Cited by 14
White matter microstructure relates to lassitude but not diagnosis in adolescents with depression
Cullen, K. R., Brown, R. Z., Schreiner, M. W., Eberly, L. E., Klimes‐Dougan, B., Reigstad, K. M., Hill, D. C., Lim, K. O., & Mueller, B. A. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00078-8 · Cited by 13
“Additionally, a dimensional index of internalizing symptoms, the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS) (Watson et al. 2007), a 64 item, self-report index was administered to participants.”
InfluentialNeural substrates of emotional interference: A quantitative EEG study
Batabyal, T., Muthukrishnan, S. P., Sharma, R., Tayade, P., & Kaur, S. (2018) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.019 · Cited by 14
Gorka, S. M., Phan, K. L., Hosseini, B., Chen, E. Y., & McCloskey, M. S. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618776947 · Cited by 18
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Individual Differences in Control-Averse Behavior
Rudorf, S., Schmelz, K., Baumgärtner, T., Wiest, R., Fischbacher, U., & Knoch, D. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0047-18.2018 · Cited by 19
“To this end, we performed a mediation analysis using the MATLAB-based mediation toolbox described by Wager et al. (2008) available at: https://github.com/canlab/MediationToolbox.”
Aging is associated with a prefrontal lateral-medial shift during picture-induced negative affect
van Reekum, C. M., Schaefer, S. M., Lapate, R. C., Norris, C. J., Tun, P. A., Lachman, M. E., Ryff, C., & Davidson, R. J. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx144 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, age-related structural changes in the PFC have often been associated with age-related changes in EF, and these areas are also important for adaptive emotional responding, including successful emotion regulation (e.g. Wager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMason, L., Peters, E., Williams, S., & Kumari, V. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.195 · Cited by 14
Yokoyama, J. S., Bonham, L. W., Sturm, V. E., Adhimoolam, B., Karydas, A., Coppola, G., Miller, B. L., & Rankin, K. P. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.017 · Cited by 15
“to moderate behavioral response during cognitive reappraisal of emotion information (Wager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBrain and psychological mediators of imitation: sociocultural versus physical traits
Losin, E. A. R., Woo, C., Krishnan, A., Wager, T. D., Iacoboni, M., & Dapretto, M. (2015) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-015-0029-9 · Cited by 16
“We also tested this relationship between all three variables using a multi-level mediation analysis based on a 3-variable path statistical model (Baron and Kenny 1986) using the Mediation Toolbox (http://www.wagerlab.colorado.edu/tools) (Atlas et al. 2010; Wager et al. 2008).”
Self-citationSome Correlates of Agency Ascription and Emotional Value and Their Effects on Decision-Making
Strait, M. K., Briggs, G., & Scheutz, M. J. (2013) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2013.89 · Cited by 13
“It first demonstrated that people have less concern for robotic agents than human counterparts, and proceeded to show that humans had more willingness and enthusiasm to destroy robots of lower perceived agency.”
BackgroundHippocampal contributions to the processing of social emotions
Immordino‐Yang, M. H., & Singh, V. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21485 · Cited by 101
“The vlPFC has been associated with emotion regulation and emotional introspection [Herwig et al., 2010; Wager et al., 2008].”
The integration of self-efficacy and response-efficacy in decision making
Yang, Y.-Y., & Delgado, M. R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85577-z · Cited by 18
Wang, L., Li, T., Gu, R., & Feng, C. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120824 · Cited by 13
“…the lOFC is implicated in emotion regulation, such that down-regulation of negative emotion engages lOFC activation, which is associated with successful emotion regulation as well as reductions in amygdala activity (Ochsner et al., 2004a, 2004b, 2012; Phan et al., 2005; Wager et al., 2008).”
Neural signatures of emotion regulation
Rieck, J. M., Wrobel, J., Porras, A. R., Kateri Mcrae, A., & Gowin, J. L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52203-3 · Cited by 19
White matter plasticity following cataract surgery in congenitally blind patients
Pedersini, C. A., Miller, N. P., Gandhi, T. K., Gilad‐Gutnick, S., Mahajan, V., Sinha, P., & Rokers, B. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2207025120 · Cited by 19
Anger, Fear, and Sadness: Relations to Socioeconomic Status and the Amygdala
Hao, Y., Bertolero, M., & Farah, M. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01892 · Cited by 13
Girard, C., Bastelica, T., Léone, J., Epinat-Duclos, J., Longo, L., & Prado, J. (2022) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211034498 · Cited by 13
“We then used the framework of mass-univariate mediation-effect parametric mapping (MEPM; Wager et al., 2008) to assess (a) whether home numeracy practices relate to digit-related (but not wordrelated) activity in the IPS (path a in Fig.”
MethodReduced prefrontal cortex and sympathetic nervous system activity correlate with fatigue after aHSCT
Boberg, E., Iacobaeus, E., Greenfield, M. S., Wang, Y., Msghina, M., & Blanc, K. L. (2021) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/s41409-021-01539-9 · Cited by 14
“Successful cognitive control of negative emotions has been associated with increased prefrontal cortex and reduced amygdala activation [52, 53].”
Davidson, M., Macdonald, J. S. P., & Yeung, N. (2022) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.22.10.20 · Cited by 17
Self-citationWang, X., Blain, S. D., Wei, D., Yang, W., Yang, J., Zhuang, K., He, L., DeYoung, C. G., & Qiu, J. (2020) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105631 · Cited by 17
Eating to dare - Nutrition impacts human risky decision and related brain function
Liu, L., Artigas, S., Ulrich, A., Tardu, J., Mohr, P. N. C., Wilms, B., Koletzko, B., Schmid, S., & Park, S. Q. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.085688 · Cited by 13
Golde, S., Romund, L., Lorenz, R. C., Pelz, P., Gleich, T., Beck, A., & Raufelder, D. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12433 · Cited by 17
Yan, C., Lin, N., Cui, L.-X., & Zhang, Q. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.911 · Cited by 13
Distraction decreases prefrontal oxygenation: A NIRS study
Ozawa, S., & Hiraki, K. (2017) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.02.003 · Cited by 17
Rodrigo, A., Ayaz, H., & Ruocco, A. (2016) · Interacción · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39955-3_10 · Cited by 13
Valentini, E., Koch, K., Nicolardi, V., & Aglioti, S. M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.025 · Cited by 12
“Yet, the very late modulation found in our study may be better interpreted according to the role of midline and prefrontal structures in appraisal and management of emotional-affective inputs/contexts (Wager et al., 2008; Hajcak et al., 2006; Goldin et al., 2008), including those associated with the experience of pain…”
Simons, R. L., & Klopack, E. T. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0245-1 · Cited by 30
“Importantly, the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, as well as their interconnection, are implicated in emotional regulation (e.g., Wager et al. 2008), impulsivity (e.g., Kim and Lee 2011; Raine 2002), reactive aggression (Crowe and Blair 2008), and internalizing problems (Tottenham et al. 2010).”
BackgroundJones, R., & Bhattacharya, J. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/jba.1.2012.005 · Cited by 14
Active control of approach-oriented posture is influenced by emotional reactions.
Fawver, B. J., Amano, J., Hass, C. J., & Janelle, C. M. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0028945 · Cited by 10
Emotional Regulation, or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Nucleus Accumbens
Lebrecht, S., & Badre, D. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.007 · Cited by 11
“Using a mediation analysis, Wager et al. (2008) not only provide evidence for such a network in the case of emotional control, but also specify which cortical and subcortical structures are influenced by the PFC, under which circumstances, and the way in which they may be grouped into distinct…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLi, S., Cao, X., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Cheng, S. Y., & Zhang, D. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120620 · Cited by 15
“In the domain of voluntary emotion regulation, the SMA and the MCC are commonly recruited, showing positive correlations with regulation success (Kohn et al., 2014; Wager et al., 2008).”
Reduced frontocingulate theta connectivity during emotion regulation in major depressive disorder
Steinmann, S., Tiedemann, K. J., Kellner, S., Wellen, C. M., Haaf, M., Mulert, C., Rauh, J., & Leicht, G. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.022 · Cited by 9
Park, B., Lee, S., Jang, Y., & Park, H. Y. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.017 · Cited by 12
DaSilva, A. F., Kim, D. J., Lim, M., Nascimento, T., Scott, P. J. H., Smith, Y., Koeppe, R., Zubieta, J., & Kaciroti, N. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s407738 · Cited by 12
Ersöz, S., Nissen, A., & Schütte, R. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/48850 · Cited by 11
“Several neuroimaging studies have found distinct neural patterns that might be related to different types of appraisals [76-79].”
BackgroundPrecuneus connectivity and symptom severity in chronic depression✰
Rubart, A., Zurowski, B., Veer, I. M., Schön, D., Göttlich, M., Klein, J. P., Schramm, E., Wenzel, J. G., Haber, C., Schoepf, D., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111471 · Cited by 11
Lazari, A., Salvan, P., Verhagen, L., Cottaar, M., Papp, D., van der Werf, O. J., Gavine, B., Kolasinski, J., Webster, M., Stagg, C. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31687-5 · Cited by 14
“407 Mediation analyses were run in PROCESS (to derive 95% Confidence Intervals 408 (Hayes, 2013)) and in BRAVO (to derive p-values (Wager et al., 2008), which 409 cannot be derived in PROCESS for our model).”
MethodLiu, M., Backer, R., Amey, R. C., & Forbes, C. E. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118653 · Cited by 13
Stress-elicited neural activity in young adults varies with childhood sexual abuse
Purcell, J. B., Goodman, A. M., Harnett, N. G., Davis, E. S., Wheelock, M. D., Mrug, S., Elliott, M. N., Emery, S. T., Schuster, M. A., & Knight, D. C. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.020 · Cited by 13
“, dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC) are also responsible for important emotion processes, including the reappraisal of emotion and the redirection of attention (Buhle et al., 2014; Casey et al., 2017; Wager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPrefronto-Striatal Structural Connectivity Mediates Adult Age Differences in Action Selection
Rasooli, A., Adab, H. Z., Chalavi, S., Monteiro, T. S., Dhollander, T., Mantini, D., & Swinnen, S. P. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1709-20.2020 · Cited by 17
The use and change of emotion regulation strategies: The promoting effect of cognitive flexibility
Gao, W., Chen, S., Chen, Y., He, F., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2020) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2020-1035 · Cited by 16
Liu, P., Vandemeer, M. R. J., Joanisse, M. F., Barch, D. M., Dozois, D. J. A., & Hayden, E. P. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102422 · Cited by 11
“vlPFC appears important in affective processing and regulatory control (e.g., Iordan et al., 2013; Iordan and Dolcos, 2017; Wager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBOLD activity during emotion reappraisal positively correlates with dietary self-control success
Maier, S. U., & Hare, T. A. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa097 · Cited by 17
“The contrast of Reappraisal Success > View across both positive and negative valence showed several regions noted in previous work (Gross, 1998; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Wager et al., 2008; Ochsner et al., 2012; Buhle et al., 2014; Etkin et al., 2015; Morawetz et al., 2017a) such as the medial temporal gyrus, SMA, cau…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVarastehmoradi, B., Wegener, G., Sánchez, C., & Smith, K. L. (2020) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000559 · Cited by 17
“In emotion regulation studies, reduced vlPFC activity relates to better downregulation of negative emotion (Zubieta et al., 2003; Wager et al., 2008).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wager, T. D., Davidson, M. L., Hughes, B. L., Lindquist, M. A., & Ochsner, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wager, Tor D.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1037-1050
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2742320
- OpenAlex
- W2049423401
- Cited by
- 1,761
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 210 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 31.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1780 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0631637)
- National Institutes of Health (MH076136, MH076137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, negative emotions, appraisal process, pathway mapping
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Amygdala, Brain Mapping, Concept Formation, Emotions, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex, Comprehension
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