Episodic memories

“The reason why visual cues are so effective in triggering memories lies in the so-called “configural” nature of visual images and the ability of represented objects to relate to each other, maximizing the information they contain [1].”

“Since episodic memory preserves temporal order [4] ReflectiveDiary presents the summary in the order of the recordings’ occurrences (see Figure 2).”

“(a “field” perspective) or a third-person observer perspective (Conway, 2009; Robinson & Swanson, 1993; Nigro & Neisser, 1983).”

“, 2002) described in the autobiographical memory literature (Conway, 2009; Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Conway et al., 1992).”

“Conway (2009) suggested that individuals experience life on a moment-to-moment basis; experiences in life are consisted of episodic moments.”

“Prior work suggests that event and episodic memories (i.e., memories of specific narrative or personal experiences) are temporarily stored as short, ordered visual excerpts that are later consolidated with general knowledge (Conway, 2009; Rubin & Umanath, 2015).”

“They are summary records of experience that contain perceptual information often in the form of visual images and a conceptual frame that provides a conceptual context of the event (for reviews, see Conway 2009; Williams et al. 2008).”

“Similar to other experiential components of memory, such as emotion or valence (Conway 2009; Philippe and Bernard-Desrosiers 2017), memories tend to retain representations of the degree of need satisfaction experienced during the original event (Philippe et al.”

“Scenes are central to autobiographical memory (Rubin, 2020b; Rubin et al., 2019), and combining context information with scenes allows for detailed recollection of autobiographical memory (Conway, 2009).”

“The model developed by Conway et al. (2004) and Conway (2009) distinguishes between working self, autobiographical memory, and episodic memory.”

“Episodic memory is innately dominated by visual imagery and episodic memories of a past experience are retrieved in the form of a series of images [1].”

“…periods, e.g. “school”) to general event memories (information extracted from multiple common events) to event-specific knowledge (vividly detailed images that are unique to a specific time and place; Conway, 2009; Conway and Loveday, 2015; Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Conway et al., 2004).”

“(cf. Conway, 2009).”

“…between: (i) a construction phase, in which participants have to mentally search for specific life episodes based on an initial cue specification; and (ii) an elaboration phase, in which the constructed episode is being re-lived by accessing episodic elements (Conway et al., 2003; Conway, 2009).”

“Instead, we propose that the lean nature of these early memories make them highly susceptible to forgetting over the long‐term (e.g., Bauer, 2015a, 2015b; Conway, 2005, 2009; Morrison & Conway, 2010; Newcombe, Lloyd, & Ratliff, 2007).”

“Strongly related to the encoding of new information, one crucial feature of human memory is the ability of forming distinct, unique memory representations (Conway 2009; Tulving 1993).”

“Under this assumption, episodic memory traces of both memory types are retrieved from the knowledge base, followed by analogous transformations of the meaning units into structural event sequences (Conway, 2009; Conway & Bekerian, 1987; Conway & PleydallPearce, 2000; Johnson, 1992; Nielsen & Stenstrom, 2005; Tulving,…”

“The direct retrieval of an autobiographical memory often immediately produces specific visual imagery, while on the other hand, generative retrieval proceeds via using abstract/verbal representations by a top-down process (Conway 2009).”

“…are event-specific units of personal experience (Conway, 2009).2 They are most often quickly forgotten, but if they are relevant to the self, they can be maintained over months, years, or a lifetime as a function of the degree to which they are integrated into the self (Conway, 2005, 2009).”

“…episodic memory recall is theorised to be composed of highly context-speci fi c information within a narrative structure or conceptual framework (Conway, 2009; Radvansky et al., 2005; St-Laurent et al., 2014), and vivid recollection of our personal past is promoted when there is greater…”

“Episodic memory is the recollection of personal experiences tied to specific times and places, grounded within temporal and spatial frameworks [87], [88], [89].”

“A summary record of sensory-perceptual-conceptual-affective processing, episodic memories comprise short sequences of experiences that are recalled as visual images and that can be intentionally or incidentally activated over long periods (Conway 2009; Tulving 1972).”

“Autobiographical memories often come to mind in the form of visual images, and these images are considered the primary format of the subjective experience of autobiographical memories [24].”

“When mentally replaying an event, we often experience a succession of moments or slices of prior experience (called experience units ; Conway, 2009; Jeunehomme & D’Argembeau, 2020) that includes temporal discontinui-ties—some segments of prior experience are not represented.”

““I like modern art”).1 In this context, a growing number of clinical studies have tried to disentangle the relationship between changes in the self, autobiographical memory (AM), and episodic future thinking (EFT) impairments in various clinical conditions (see for instance Addis & Tippett, 2004; Duval et al., 2012; E…”

“It has been suggested that the highly visual nature of episodic memories allows the storage of a large amount of action-relevant information, allowing remembering in a way that is critical to focussed and fluent everyday cognition and action, strengthening the view that episodic memories are created and structured to…”

“The screenshot-based curation feature in Scrapbook utilizes the human’s capability of episodic memory where people can recall details from a picture [4].”

“Longer retention intervals between encoding and misinformation exposure have theoretical and pragmatic advantages: theoretically, increasing the retention interval should increase susceptibility to misinformation because event memory decays over time (Conway, 2009; Sekeres et al., 2016).”

“…1503 E. University Blvd., Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA associations within an event in young and older adults is unclear, despite evidence that real-world episodes often consist of multiple elements that are bound together (Conway, 2009; Levine, Svoboda, Hay, Winocur, & Moscovitch, 2002).”

“Autobiographical memory and its decline in aging Autobiographical memories are those acquired across the lifespan and encompass both episodic and semantic information about the self (Conway, 2005, 2009).”

“These images serve as the primary format for the subjective experience of such memories [40].”

“However, memories are not exact records of the past, but rather summary representations of events (Conway, 2009).”

“Autobiographical memory consists of conceptual knowledge of one’s life represented at different levels of specificity and of episodic memories that contain fragmentary details from the time near the experience being recalled (Conway, 2009).”

“It has been suggested that the benefits of their use as a cue for accessing autobiographical knowledge lies in the memories being retrieved as visual images and such stimuli are the main format in which we relive past events (Conway, 2009).”

“In recent years, several neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have focused on understanding brain mechanisms associated with the process of mental scene construction (Hassabis and Maguire, 2007, 2009; Ladyka-Wojcik et al., 2022; Maguire and Mullally, 2013).”

“Departing from classical infrastructures that provide static views over heterogeneous sources, we propose to mimic the way our brain stores and accesses information [8] in order to narrow the cognitive burden of accessing digital memories.”

“…dreaming can be considered to be intricately related to memory systems and functioning in terms of self-focus (Cappeliez, 2008; Horton, Moulin, & Conway, 2009), recall (Horton, 2011), content (Grenier et al., 2005; Horton & Malinowski, 2011a), and reflective of consolidation processes in sleep…”

“The episodic memory not only includes the sequences of episodes (when), but also the spatial information (where) and the content which connects both spatial and temporal information (what) (Conway, 2009).”

“Perhaps immediate reports are based more on episodic memory of attention, but as memory typically degrades over time (Brown, 1958; Conway, 2009), retrospective reports might rely more on inferences.”

“The simple WM span measures were calculated based on partial-credit unit scoring (see Conway et al., 2005).”

“The brain does not appear to have a foolproof “tag” for distinguishing internally generated simulations from recollections of external events, making memory malleable (Conway, 2009).”

“However, when recalling an experience, usually neither perceptual nor affective components of those episodes are precisely reproduced (Conway, 2009).”

“The speculations on effective uses of episodic memory (see Tulving, 1983; Conway, 2009) in recovering and remembering the past led to an enhanced study on Autobiographical perse-verance of events.”

“Memories remain accessible when they are tied to such self-knowledge or linked to personal concerns, issues, or goals that are important to us (Conway, 2009).”

“…on the richness of visuo-spatial contextual details in the video recordings by having more frequent rehearsal trials in SR training, which could facilitate the autonoetic ‘reliving’ of a past experience (Conway, 2009) through the creation of multiple memory traces (e.g., Moscovitch et al., 2005).”

“…DE LA REPRÉSENTATION Les modèles cognitifs de la mémoire les plus récents (Brewin, Gregory, Lipton, & Burgess., 2010; Cabeza & Moscovitch, 2013; Conway, 2009; Klein, Cosmides, Tooby, & Chance., 2002; Tulving, 2002) suggèrent que la mémoire épisodique se composerait de deux systèmes…”

“They are primarily defined in terms of their content (i.e. " what" they are about) [19], as well as their relative position within the remembering person’s overarching life story [4].”

“…internal dispositions and beliefs to the external job-seeking and economic environment; the primary factor of Cognisant JSSE was based more on internal dispositions and cognitive forces that adjudicate upon points of autobiographical reference (and access to episodic memory, Conway, 2005, 2009).”

““Free radicals”, that is, memories of events that have not become integrated with autobiographical knowledge (Conway, 2009), memories of specific past shameful acts remembered after a radical change in one’s traits and values (Goldie, 2012), could both be considered to present a diminished sense of mineness understood…”

“A widely accepted idea is that the retrieval of AMs engages multiple cognitive processes, including the controlled searching process triggered by the cue to a combination of sensory, emotional, and perceptual elements that are needed to come together and emerge as a specific episodic memory (Conway, 2009).”