Episodic memories

“Episodic AM (EAM) refers to self-related and mostly unique reexperiences with a duration of seconds to hours characterized by event-related emotional, sensory, contextual, and spatial-temporal details (Conway, 2009; e.g., specific memories of the first day of school).”

“For instance, against the definition of episodic memory as defined by a special state of consciousness Conway (2001a, 2009) argues that the type of information encoded consists of “phenomenological records” that summarize some past periods of the conscious life of subjects, in the form of…”

“More generally, it is possible that generating future events will be less likely to rely on the structures and processes of autobiographical memory compared to remembering past events (see Conway, 2005, 2009).”

“They might constitute “episodic elements” that would help form an episodic memory if combined with contextual details (Conway, 2009).”

“2018 1–14 during encoding, which explains how different people may remember the same event differently (Conway, 2009) and how the relevance of a memory for guiding future behavior depends on whether the encoded information is applicable in times to come.”

“True memories are always summary representations of our experiences (Conway, 2009), encompassing a level of generalization and abstraction, and thus, change.”

“Instead, ScreenTrack relies on a person’s episodic memory, which is the ability to remember events based on visual images and their temporal order [10].”

“…these memories are either forgotten (access is lost) or their vividness and significance are considerably decreased and new self-defining memories, more in line with the person’s new goals and concerns are elected from the person’s memory system (Conway, 2009; Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000).”

“Once accessed, the semantic details interact with contextual, sensory, and emotional information to generate the full episodic memory and vividly reexperience it (Conway, 2009; Daselaar et al., 2008; Inman, James, Vytal, & Hamann, 2017; St Jacques et al., 2011).”

“Nevertheless, it remains contentious how episodic memory could be conceptually distinguished from semantic memory (Cheng & Werning, 2016; Tulving, 1985; Conway, 2009; Clayton, Bussey, & Dickinson, 2003; Klein, 2013b; Suddendorf & Corballis, 1997).”

“Perceptual richness is a feature of episodic memory (Conway, 2009; Rubin, Schrauf, & Greenberg, 2003).”

“Odor- and gustatory-evoked memories appear to illustrate well this theoretical assumption and make a valuable case for the distinction between the accessibility and availability of past event representations in memory (Tulving and Pearlstone, 1966; Conway, 2009).”

“We could hypothesise that, with time, memories of a public event will become more schematised and less specific, as in the case of autobiographical memories (Conway, 2009).”

“It has been suggested that aphantasics might store information in visual working memory without conscious awareness [26].”

“According to the influential model proposed by Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000; for later modifications see also: Conway, 2008, 2009; Conway and Jobson, 2012), autobiographical memory consists of a hierarchical network of interconnected nodes that differ in terms of their level of specificity.”

“This important topic (Conway, 2009; Tulving, 2002) has recently gained renewed interest (D’Argembeau, 2020; Irish & Vatansever, 2020).”

“This process, the evidence suggests, is crucial not only for learning from the past, but also for learning about oneself (Conway, 2005, 2009; Renoult et al., 2012, 2016).”

“…resilient people have been Need satisfaction in memories as a key experiential component The experiential component of a memory represents (although not necessarily fully corresponding to it) what the person has experienced during the initial event (Conway, 2009; Wheeler, Stuss, & Tulving, 1997).”

“Individuals are likely to report recent eating occasions because they are more available in 73 memory than remote events (Conway, 2009).”

“Keywords Autobiographical Memory, Retrograde Amnesia, Depression, Electroconvulsive Therapy”

“…even several months following the capture has called the attention of researchers in autobiographical memories as it suggests that ‘ the many episodic memories formed in a typical day are not themselves lost and can often be accessed using sequences of photographs from the camera ’ (Conway 2009).”

“Many scholars argue for the validity of these measures because evidence reveals that autobiographical experiences and salient events from childhood can be recalled accurately (Conway, 2009).”

“Research suggests that the use of contextual cues or digital cues play a role in motivation as our memory is a reconstructive process mediated by day-to-day events [133].”

“Episodic memory sets contain context, cue, and item features (Racsmány and Conway, 2006; Conway, 2009).”

“The role of cognitive control in episodic retrieval Episodic retrieval refers to our ability to recollect and reconstruct details of personally experienced past events (Conway, 2009; Tulving, 1983).”

“Addis [26, p. 70] provides a representative example, when she suggests that ‘instead of conceptualising imagination as relying on episodic memory, we should consider memory and imagination as but two products of a constructive simulation system’ (see also [34,37,38], among many others).”

“From this perspective, the SMS combines three interrelated structures: the working self that unites the conceptual self-system and goals system, autobiographical memory and episodic memory, i.e., a track of fragmentary sensory-perceptual episodes (Conway, 2009).”

“Recall of autobiographical events is scaffolded by both general and personal semantic knowledge (Conway, 2009; Irish & Piguet, 2013; Renoult et al., 2012).”

“The involvement of the self and emotion in the encoding process are two well-established elements that determine the formation of a long-lasting trace in autobiographical memory 114,115 (see for instance the case of flashbulb or vivid memories: Conway, et al. 32 , Talarico and Rubin 116 ).”

“The bi-directional relationship between the self-concept and autobiographical memories has notably been evidenced using the “ I AM task ” in which people are asked to provide a series of self-descriptions (Charles-worth et al., 2016; Rathbone et al., 2008, 2009).”

“Autobiographical memories are mental constructions of episodic memories and self-knowledge (Conway, 1992, 1996, 2005; Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Conway, Singer, & Tagini, 2004), whilst episodic memories are representations of experience (Conway, 2009).”

“When retrieved during the act of remembering, episodic memories are often represented in visual form (Conway, 2009).”

“…this task is based upon a conceptualization of episodic memory that is over 40 years old (Tulving & Donaldson, 1972; cited in Cheke et al., 2016) and omits the subjective recollective experience that Tulving (2002) himself and others (e.g., Conway, 2009) now hold as an indispensable marker.”

“Visual cues, particularly photos, are among the most effective triggers for reminiscence, as autobio-graphical memories are often encoded visually [12, 19].”

“1,37,38 The central aim of the current study was then to compare the neural correlates of episodic memories that are associated with different event compression rates.”

“As reviewed in this article, Conway and colleagues (Conway, 2005, 2009; Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000) argued that autobiographical memories for individual events are products of three interacting factors; the active goals of the self, higher order conceptual knowledge about the self and episodic…”

“…in a broader hierarchical framework of autobiographical knowledge (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000), and furthermore that the episodic memories themselves consist of both episodic elements (e.g., a visual representation of a moment) and an organising conceptual knowledge frame (Conway, 2009).”

“ries and experiences are generally summarised as visual images (Conway, 2009; Holmes & Mathews, 2010) and that negative and traumatic memories are encoded as sensory perceptions (van der Kolk & van der Hart, 1995).”

“Indeed, memory and imagining are so interconnected that it has been suggested that together they form a remembering–imagining system (Conway, 2009).”

“Moreover, most importantly, attending to the memories acquired through learning experiences may be indicative of the actual learning occurring (Conway, 2009; Moore & Kuol, 2007).”

“For instance, according to the self-memory system model proposed by Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000, for latter modifications see Conway, 2008, 2009; Conway & Jobson, 2012) memories that are consistent with the self (e.g. current selfgoals, etc.) may reach awareness more easily.”

“this being more memorable in short time spans [13].”

“Conway (2009) suggests that the relationship between remembering and imagining reflects their common purpose: to allow us to maintain goals that refer to time periods extending beyond our immediate circumstances.”

“However, autobiographical memory relates not only to episodic memories of events that have occurred during our lifetime but also to semantic memories (i.e., general personal events and facts about ourselves; Conway, 2009).”

“Finally, in order to allow an individual to progress with goals of the self (which can be independent or interdependent focused), episodic memories need to be specific enough to provide the appropriate information (Conway, 2009).”

“Conway (2009) suggests that in early childhood, episodic elements do not contain ‘‘frames’’ which would be the theoretical equivalent of the larger encompassing events in the current study.”

“Due to its uniqueness compared to other memory systems, its implications for cognition for humans and even across species are under effortful investigations, including [26], [27].”

“Our episodic memories do not retain veridical reproductions but rather represent sum-mary reconstructions and are therefore compressed versions of experienced events (Conway, 2009; Jeunehomme et al., 2018).”

“However, research suggests that autobiographical experiences can be recalled accurately (Conway, 2009), and supplemental analyses excluding those with low baseline cognitive function scores to reduce potential bias yielded the same pattern of results.”

“In contrast, autobiographical memory is long term, i.e. the mental processing unit in which information may be stored permanently and from which it may be later retrieved (Conway, 2009).”