Episodic memories

“By contrast, observer memories would correspond to egocentric representations in the precuneus generated top-down from C-reps, in that they require generation of an image from a nonexperienced viewpoint and relate to older and more abstracted information (see also Conway, 2009).”

“…that retains detailed sensory and perceptual knowledge over relatively brief retention intervals measured in minutes and hours (M. A. Conway, 2001, 2005), but then suggested that its contents, although hard to access without the necessary retrieval cues, may be permanent (M. A. Conway, 2009).”

“Episodic memory represents unique occurrences, located within a specific spatiotemporal framework, bearing emotional and self-referential connotations (Conway, 2009), and is typically imbued with autonoetic consciousness (Tulving, 1985; Irish et al., 2008).”

“Within each of these slots, one can search for and retrieve more summarized or specific autobiographical memories that may be linked to more specific memory images from the episodic memory system (Conway, 2008, 2009).”

“…specific, everyday events is primarily a function of episodic memory, processed in the structures of the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, and prefrontal areas (Tulving et al., 1991; Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Brewin, 2001, 2014; Conway, 2001, 2005, 2009; Brewin et al., 2010).”

“First, presenting additional memory cues (such as places and commutes) supports the recall of episodic memories [8,14], enabling users to identify particular instances of walking that contributed to their daily walking goal.”

“…are hierarchically organized mental representations of desired endstates that impact and drive cognition and behavior [Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Conway, 2005, 2009; Fishbach and Ferguson, 2007], and an important function of EFT may precisely be to construct detailed representations or…”

“Memory for an event is far from an exact replica of what was actually experienced because there is selectivity in encoding (Conway, 2009).”

“Indeed, people quickly forget most events that they experience, and with a retention interval of 1 week or more, very few episodic memories are recallable (Conway, 2009; Linton, 1986; Williams, Conway, & Baddeley, 2008).”

“Further, Conway (2009) reports work in which participants were asked to list as many specific memories as they can for yesterday, two days ago, three days ago, and so on.”

“There is some evidence that autobiographical memories are indeed retrieved in this way, with an early construction phase and a later elaboration phase (Addis et al., 2007; Conway, 2009), and that these phases are associated with anterior and posterior hippocampal involvement, respectively (McCormick, St-Laurent, Ty, V…”

“Lastly, the notion of episodic memory is developed further in this model of the SMS (Conway, 2009).”

“The hippocampus is crucial for declarative memories in humans (Scoville and Milner, 1957; Ofen et al., 2007) and encodes episodic and spatial memories in animals (Conway, 2009; Buzsáki and Moser, 2013).”

“Autobiographical memory is considered a subtype of episodic memory that is involved in the encoding and retrieval of personally significant life experiences (e.g., Conway, 1990, 2009).”

“This may stem from the greater degree to which spatiotemporal and self-referential contextual details are mentally re-constructed during the recall of real-world episodes (Rubin & Umanath, 2015; Conway, 2009; Cabeza & St Jacques, 2007; Hassabis & Maguire, 2007).”

“Research on autobiographical memory indicates that such integration is critical for delayed recall (Conway, 2009).”

“…are all thought to be developed through the extraction of consistencies from multiple related events, resulting in the retention of common features and the loss of details unique to any specific event (Brady & Oliva, 2008; Conway, 2009; Posner & Keele, 1968; Richards et al., 2014; Tulving, 1972).”

“pictures or videos) are known for maximising the information they contain by representing objects in relation to each other [30].”

“On the basis of this evidence, it was suggested (Conway, 2009) that perhaps we should be using the term remembering–imagining system (RIS) rather than simply memory system.”

“The current study relied on well-remembered, complex, and multimodal stimuli that typically elicited some amount of mental imagery—a defining feature of recollection (Conway, 2009; Rubin et al., 2003; Brewer, 1986, 1995).”

“…is its focus on episodic memories: Defining properties of episodic memories already include several mnemonic features like representation in the form of visual images, having a personal perspective, being represented in given order, or being recollectively experienced when accessed (Conway 2009).”

“I grew up in California; Conway, 2005, 2009; Klein & Lax, 2010; Martinelli, Sperduti, & Piolino, 2013; Prebble et al., 2013; Renoult, Davidson, Palombo, Moscovitch, & Levine, 2012).”

“Here, it is useful to distinguish between the experiential content of specific events (which involves episodic memory, as outlined above) and conceptual knowledge about the occurrence of events—representations of the essential content or themeof events, referred to as their gist (Brainerd & Reyna, 2002) or conceptual…”

“The report of a dream experience is influenced by the constructive memory processes and individual difference factors that guide any episodic recollection (Conway, 2009; Johnson, 1992; Tulving, 2002).”

“…with the assumption of a continuum or dynamic interactions between semantic and episodic systems, which proposes that personal semantic memory is derived from a process of abstraction of autobiographical episodic memories (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Conway, 2009; Renoult et al., 2012).”

“…which break from earlier theories, suggest that EMs are detailed summary accounts of short time-period experiences which are forgotten within 24 h unless they are consolidated during sleep, and subsequently become linked to autobiographical memories (AMs; Conway, 2001, 2009; Williams et al., 2008).”

“According to Conway [37], repeated retrieval, or rehearsal, serves to shape autobiographical knowledge into patterns of accessibility, improving retrieval and availability of this knowledge.”

“This should not be confused with the use of the term experience in memory literature, where it signifies the event that results in a memory, for example, Conway (2009).”

“…and a simultaneous loss of detail Nadel & Moscovitch, 1997; Winocur & Moscovitch, 2011). vidence for such transformation has been shown for real-life utobiographical memories (see Conway, 2009), as well as for erbal narratives and film clips (Bahrick, 1984; Sekeres et al., 016; Thorndyke, 1977).”

“Here, we adopt Conway’s phenomenological description of autobiographic memory (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Conway, 2009), as well as Tulving’s (1985) conceptualization of long-term memory.”

“Indeed it has been suggested that bizarreness arises out of the joining together of disparate elements (often from waking life; e.g., Revonsuo and Tarkko, 2002; Levin and Nielsen, 2007), which is also indicative of hyperassociativity.”

“Episodic memories are summary records of experience (Conway, 2009) that represent the unfolding of events in a temporally compressed form (Jeunehomme & D’Argembeau, 2018, in press).”

“Commentary: These latter perspectives are a better match than the original one to contemporary conceptions of episodic memory that put an important focus on its constructive nature (Addis, 2018; Barry & Maguire, 2019; Cheng, Werning, & Suddendorf, 2016; Conway, 2009; Irish, 2019; Schacter & Addis, 2007; Yassa & Reagh,…”

“Other authors use the term “recollective experience” for remembering personal experiences (e.g., Conway, 2009).”

“…with the view that recalling generatively involves different processes of construction of the memory content, since differences in visuo-spatial perspective in particular have been suggested to be a consequence of different processes of memory construction (see Conway, 2009; Nigro & Neisser, 1983).”

“Perceptual richness is a core feature of episodic memory that contributes to how vividly we re-experience past life events (Brewer, 1986, 1995; Conway, 2009; Rubin, Schrauf, & Greenberg, 2003).”

“Our finding that pictures, but not location, had an effect on our participants agrees with prior theory that argues for the evocative power of images but not location per se [4,11], while others have reported the importance of images in everyday memory [4,12].”

“Longitudinal or experimental studies or both, in which prospective teachers’ interest in teaching, professional engagement, career development aspirations or a combination of these factors are manipulated through diverse methods—such as priming or evoking career-related episodic memories or future images (Conway, 2009…”

“Note that these moments of prior experience might not necessarily be stored as “snapshots” (although they could be) but might be dynamic, representing short-time slices or segments of prior experience (Conway, 2008, 2009).”

“…abstract knowledge about the self (e.g., conceptual self-representations and personal goals) and speci fi c representations of life events are closely interconnected (see e.g., Conway, 2005, 2009; Conway et al., 2004; D ’ Argembeau et al., 2012; D ’ Argembeau & Mathy, 2011; Rathbone et al., 2011).”

“Episodic memory refers to the memory which is explicitly located in the past involving the specific events and situations, such as times, places, associated emotions and other contextual knowledge [44], [45].”

“Generating a visual image (in the absence of sensory input) depends on imagination which relies on imaging (Conway, 2009).”

“Jacques, 2007; Conway & PleydellPearce, 2000), which collectively provoke the subjective perception of re-experiencing a past event (Conway, 2009).”

“…that adult recall of early childhood events may entail much in the way of nonconscious and conscious inferences of details that “scaffold” the few fragments that can be recalled or known, producing what appears to be a complex and detailed memory (Conway 2005, 2009; Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000).”

“…memories that relate particularly to one’s own experiences are typically considered autobiographical memories (Kopelman & Kapur, 2001; Tulving, 2002), although some researchers (e.g., Conway, 2002, 2009) are beginning to draw further distinctions between episodic and autobiographical memories.”