Episodic memories

“latter are the main format of autobiographical reliving (Conway, 2009).”

“Performance in this task is also impaired after lesions of the RSC (Czajkowski et al., 2014), and learning of the task is impaired after parietal lesions (Hoh et al., 2003).”

“…consist of more concrete and specific items of personal information referring to a specific spatial and temporal context (e.g., “Yesterday at the supermarket, I helped someone pick up her shopping after her bag broke”) (Conway, 2009; Piolino, Desgranges, & Eustache, 2009; Tulving, 2002).”

“…from SenseCam research concerning long-term retention of everyday minutiae--including one’s own thoughts (which are notoriously difficult to remember, e.g., Brewer, 1988)--is promising and can potentially change current theories of episodic and autobiographical memories (e.g., see Conway, 2009).”

“This finding resonates with episodic memory theory which suggests that free recall of events occurs in temporal order (Conway, 2009; Kahana et al., 2008).”

“According to Conway (2009), autobiographical memories come to mind in the form of visual images, which are the main format of autobiographical reliving.”

“Our previous measure of temporal compression was thus imperfect because recalled moments may consist of dynamic short-time slices of past experience (Conway, 2008, 2009), which duration might vary depending on the nature of remembered events.”

“…units, (b) each memorable experience is represented as a bound set of ECs and indexed by them (Barsalou, 1988; Brewin, Dalgleish, & Joseph, 1996; Conway, 2009; Morton et al., 1985; Norman & Bobrow, 1979; Rubin, Boals, & Berntsen, 2008; Shimamura, 2014), and (c) experiences also function as…”

“We suggest that when rehearsal occurs in this way, it approximates what has been termed elab-orative rehearsal (Craik & Lockhart, 1972), and it promotes the integration of the memory with other memories and knowledge structures in autobiographical memory (see Conway, 2009).”

“Emotional memory is enhanced in REM sleep (Cahill and McGaugh, 1998; Wagner et al., 2001; Nishida et al., 2009) and heightened emotional tone strengthens memory associations (Cahill et al., 1996; Hamann et al., 1999).”

“Moreover, this finding extends Conway’s theory to show that episodic memories precede and support the development of higher-order structures in the autobiographical knowledge base in the form of lifetime periods (see Conway, 2009, Figure 2).”

“We investigated visual imagery because autobiographical memory has been suggested to come to mind in the form of visual images (Conway, 2009) and because visual imagery has been considered as the main predictor of subjective reliving of autobiographical memory (D’Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2006;…”

“Moreover, the MPFC is considered as a key-component of the Self-Memory System (Conway, 2009) as, by contrast to other components involved in specific conditions only, the MPFC is activated in any condition related to the Self, i.e. from general self-knowledge to specific autobiographical memories.”

“connected to our current goals and plans (Conway, 2009).”

“According to the Self-Memory System’s hierarchy (Conway, 2005, 2009), SAM is the second most abstract system after selfconcepts.”

“According to the self-memory system model proposed by Conway & Pleydell-Pearce (2000, for later modifications see Conway, 2008, 2009; Conway & Jobson, 2012), autobiographical memory consists of a hierarchical network of interconnected nodes that differ in terms of their level of specificity.”

“Thus, the ability to discriminate individual experiences based on specific memories appears particularly useful in daily activities (Conway, 2009).”

“After more general and personal knowledge is initially accessed and a specific episodic event comes into focus, various perceptual, sensory, emotional, and contextual elements of the memory are combined into a cohesive memory that can then be re-experienced (Conway, 2009).”

“Given that episodic simulation and episodic memory draw on many of the same cognitive processes (Atance & O’Neill, 2001; Conway, 2009; Hassabis et al., 2007; Schacter et al., 2012; Szpunar, 2010), it raises the possibility that the effect of affective valence elicited by simulated future events on…”

“Episodic memories have several properties, one of which is that they are often represented in the form of visual images (Conway, 2009).”

“The former states that images are a deep and universal psycho-neurological construct through which individuals process disturbing experiences and memories even before the images are articulated verbally (Conway, 2009; Holmes & Mathews, 2010; Huss, 2012a).”

“Episodic memories can comprise multiple elements of an event, including visual, auditory and sensory characteristics, and concurrent thoughts and feelings (Conway, 2009; Tulving, 1983).”

“Indeed, episodic memory for past experiences is far from an exact replica of what was actually experienced (Conway, 2009) and remembered and online enjoyment of an experience can be discrepant (for example; Wirtz, Kruger, Napa-Scollon, & Diener, 2003).”

“With regard to the retrieval of episodic ABMs, Conway (2009) suggests that the details of one particular episodic memory (e.g., a wedding ceremony) can be accessed either intentionally via a cue from the contextual frame that encompasses the different event-specific details (e.g., the spatial…”

“Indeed, theories of adult episodic memory emphasize the importance of temporal order in memory organization (Conway, 2009), and sequential information plays an important role in action and event processing more generally (Avrahami & Kareev, 1994; Baldwin, Andersson, Saffran & Meyer, 2008; Swallow &…”

“Among these, the event-sequencing aspect of time (i.e., the way events are temporally ordered with respect to each other) may be particularly important for keeping track of goal progress and for planning and organizing behavior (Conway, 2009).”

“Possibly the only feature of memories that they share with videos and photographs is that they frequently contain visual mental images (Brewer, 1988; Conway 2009).”

“Although previous research has often highlighted the close link between memory and psychological selfhood (Brewer, 1986; Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000), the role of the perceptual experience of one’s own body is typically not explicitly considered.”

“This was expected, given that personal events are strongly connected to one’s self and identity, and connected to past desires and future goals [37].”

“Thus, semantic and episodic aspects are interrelated and form a “continuum”, such that the episodic-semantic ratio in autobiographical memory depends on the time interval: episodic memories tend to be progressively replaced by general and semantic memories with remoteness (Conway, 2009; Piolino et al., 2006).”

“Episodic memory, event encoding, and attention Episodic memories are memories for events that occurred at specific times and locations (Conway, 2009; Tulving, 1972).”

“However, memories are not exact replicas but instead summary records of past experience (Conway, 2009).”

“In contrast, in the regular brain, there is evidence that episodic memories are typically highly transient (Conway, 2009).”

“…own music or are played excerpts from well-known songs, there is clear evidence that this activity prompts recollection of autobiographical memories, which Williams and Conway (2009) define as long-term records of personal experiences constructed from personal knowledge and episodic recollection.”

“…Addis, & Buckner, 2008; Suddendorf & Corballis, 2007; Szpunar, 2010), that participants draw upon to imagine an experience (i.e. a trip to Egypt,) goal-relevant information is accessed (Conway, 2005, 2009; Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000) to enhance prospective acuity (Taylor et al., 1998).”

“…are widely used to assess the phenomenological quality of specific memories and assess central characteristics of specific memories, like visual and emotional imagery, reliving, and a subjective sense of travelling back in time (e.g. Brewer, 1986; Conway, 2009; Rubin et al., 2003; Tulving, 2002).”

“In particular, spatio-temporally specific episodic memories, with their intimate sense of re-experiencing the past may have a unique relationship with our sense of self (Conway, 2005, 2009; Klein & Nichols, 2012; Rathbone, Moulin & Conway, 2008; Tulving, 1972, 2002; Wheeler, Stuss & Tulving, 1997).”

“…might involve different types of psychological processes (Klein & Gangi, 2010; Knez, 2014; Knez & Eliasson, 2017; Neisser, 1986, 1988; Prebble et al., 2013) and that autobiographical memory organizes information from sensory to emotional and conceptual details (Conway, 2009; Williams et al., 2008).”

“…et al., 2017; Kenny & Bryant, 2007; Kenny et al., 2009; Kuyken & Howell, 2006; Kuyken & Moulds, 2009; Kuyken et al., 2006; Lemogne et al., 2006, 2009; Luchetti et al., 2014; McCarroll, 2017; McIsaak & Eich, 2004; Nelis et al., 2013; Pearson et al., 2013; Potheegadoo et al., 2013; Travers-Hill…”

“It is worth noting that conceptual and elementary organizations of autobiographical memory complement each other (Conway, 2009) and need to be assessed together.”

“ipants first form an episodic memory of the study phase that contains some of the items activated during study, contextual, and possibly other associated information (Conway, 2009; Kahana et al., 2008).”

“Contemporary theories of episodic memory, such as those of Conway (2009) and Moscovitch et al. (2005), center on the hippocampus for the formation of episodic memories.”

“According to the self memory system (SMS) model of Conway and colleagues (Conway, 2009), the ability to remember specific episodic details is modulated by their relevance to one's currently active goal states.”

“2021;31:28–45.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/hipo (Conway, 2009; Conway, Cohen, & Stanhope, 1991; Sekeres et al., 2018).”

“The dynamic changes that the EAM undergoes over time were posited by Conway [18] to serve the purpose of maintaining and supporting current aspects of the self and matching future goals that are coherent with one individual’s goals, self-image and system of beliefs.”

“The distinction between general and specific memories has been conceptualised in the theoretical model of Conway (2005, 2009).”

“…researchers to propose that one of the most important adaptive functions of human memory is to provide information that is relevant for planning future contingencies and goal pursuit (Conway, 2009; Kvavilashvili & Rummel, 2020; Klein et al., 2002; Klein et al., 2010; Suddendorf & Corballis, 2007).”

“Typically, autobiographical memory research distinguishes among components of events and measures lengthy intervals (Conway, 2009; Eichenbaum et al., 2001; Piolino et al., 2009).”

“To this end, the present results resonate with theoretical accounts of how the self-concept shapes core aspects of social–cognitive functioning (Conway, 2009; Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000).”

“The event can be mentally reexperienced or relived with various perceptual, emotional, and contextual details (Conway, 2009).”

“…memory and comprises a conceptual self (e.g. self-beliefs and values) and a goal system (e.g. plans and projects) which processes memories (see Conway, 2009; Conway et al., 2004), contingent on executive functions (e.g. on the ability to sustain attention and to inhibit inappropriate…”

“…put forward by Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) in their influential model of autobiographical memory (for later modifications of the model, see Conway, 2008, 2009; Conway & Jobson, 2012) and in the broader framework of inhibitory control proposed by Hasher and colleagues (see Hasher, Lustig,…”

“This downward trend in reinstatement specificity is consistent with the idea that repeated retrieval contributes to the semanticization of the memory trace (Sekeres, Winocur, & Moscovitch, 2018; Winocur & Moscovitch, 2011) that is, that each subsequent recall helps along the process by which context-specific, experien…”

“However, memories are not literal records of past episodes but instead summary representations of prior experience (Conway, 2009).”