Parameters of semantic multisensory integration depend on timing and modality order among people on the autism spectrum: evidence from event-related potentials
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) report difficulty integrating simultaneously presented visual and auditory stimuli (Iarocci & McDonald, 2006), albeit showing enhanced perceptual processing of unisensory stimuli, as well as an enhanced role of perception in higher-order cognitive tasks (Enhanced Perceptual Functioning (EPF) model; Mottron, Dawson, Soulières, Hubert, & Burack, 2006). Individuals with an ASD also integrate auditory-visual inputs over longer periods of time than matched typically developing (TD) peers (Kwakye, Foss-Feig, Cascio, Stone & Wallace, 2011). To tease apart the dichotomy of both extended multisensory processing and enhanced perceptual processing, we used behavioral and electrophysiological measurements of audio-visual integration among persons with ASD. 13 TD and 14 autistics matched on IQ completed a forced choice multisensory semantic congruence task requiring speeded responses regarding the congruence or incongruence of animal sounds and pictures. Stimuli were presented simultaneously or sequentially at various stimulus onset asynchronies in both auditory first and visual first presentations. No group differences were noted in reaction time (RT) or accuracy. The latency at which congruent and incongruent waveforms diverged was the component of interest. In simultaneous presentations, congruent and incongruent waveforms diverged earlier (circa 150 ms) among persons with ASD than among TD individuals (around 350 ms). In sequential presentations, asymmetries in the timing of neuronal processing were noted in ASD which depended on stimulus order, but these were consistent with the nature of specific perceptual strengths in this group. These findings extend the Enhanced Perceptual Functioning Model to the multisensory domain, and provide a more nuanced context for interpreting ERP findings of impaired semantic processing in ASD.
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Differences in multisensory integration in ASD are the result of differences in early perceptual processing as opposed to later semantic operations.
“it was determined that the differences in integration in ASD were the result of differences in early perceptual processing as opposed to later semantic operations (Russo et al., 2012).”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Russo et al., 2012
These perceptual differences in ASD are linked to changes in latency and in the networks recruited to support perceptual processing.
“These perceptual differences were linked to changes in latency as well as in the networks recruited to support the perceptual processing.”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Russo et al., 2012
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“Several studies have reported differences in integration in autistic participants for lexico-semantic information 11,12 , audiovisual information 13,14 , use of context to resolve ambiguous words 15,16 , and metaphor comprehension 17 .”
Burack, J. A., Russo, N. N., Evans, D. W., Boatswain-Jacques, A.-F., Rey, G., Iarocci, G., & Hodapp, R. M. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000178 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cary, E. L., Pacheco, D., Kaplan‐Kahn, E. A., McKernan, E. P., Prieve, B. A., & Russo, N. N. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-547935/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Additionally, ndings that individuals with higher levels of autistic traits had later P1 and earlier MMN latencies are in line with research demonstrating that autistic individuals rely more on early perceptual processing, which then impacts subsequent processing (Russo et al., 2012).”
ResultFinnegan, D. J., Petrini, K., Proulx, M. J., & O'Neill, E. J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/u3wc2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Altered semantic prediction error processing with increasing schizotypal and autistic traits
Sterner, E., Demler, V. F., Rachel, L. E. N. Z., MacGregor, L. J., Mathys, C. D., & Knolle, F. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04479-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Language and Conceptualization in Autism: A Study From the Perspective of Cognitive Semantics
Naqvi, B., & Huma, S. (2019) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Burack, J. A., & Brodeur, D. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102313-1
Burack, J. A., & Brodeur, D. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102313
Automatic Speech-Gesture Integration in Autistic Children: The Role of Gesture Semantic Activation
Yang, Q., Hu, J., Liu, Z., Qiang, Q., Ya, Z., & Li, Q. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06878-w
“Therefore, future research could incorporate neurophysiological measures (Russo et al., 2012) to more strictly control for gesture semantic activation.”
A comparative analysis of tourism experiences between persons with autism and down syndrome
Bulut, M. (2025) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism · doi:10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-8
- Authors
- Russo, N., Mottron, L., Burack, J. A., & Jemel, B.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Russo, N.
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2131-2141
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079812339
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-82749)
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, multisensory integration, audiovisual integration, semantic congruence, stimulus onset asynchrony, stimulus order, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Auditory Perception, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Models, Neurological, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Semantics, Visual Perception, Young Adult
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