The development of multisensory integration in high-functioning autism: high-density electrical mapping and psychophysical measures reveal impairments in the processing of audiovisual inputs
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Successful integration of auditory and visual inputs is crucial for both basic perceptual functions and for higher-order processes related to social cognition. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in social cognition and are associated with abnormalities in sensory and perceptual processes. Several groups have reported that individuals with ASD are impaired in their ability to integrate socially relevant audiovisual (AV) information, and it has been suggested that this contributes to the higher-order social and cognitive deficits observed in ASD. However, successful integration of auditory and visual inputs also influences detection and perception of nonsocial stimuli, and integration deficits may impair earlier stages of information processing, with cascading downstream effects. To assess the integrity of basic AV integration, we recorded high-density electrophysiology from a cohort of high-functioning children with ASD (7-16 years) while they performed a simple AV reaction time task. Children with ASD showed considerably less behavioral facilitation to multisensory inputs, deficits that were paralleled by less effective neural integration. Evidence for processing differences relative to typically developing children was seen as early as 100 ms poststimulation, and topographic analysis suggested that children with ASD relied on different cortical networks during this early multisensory processing stage.
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Some studies show little unisensory change despite substantial multisensory changes in autism spectrum disorder, while others show complex and difficult-to-interpret differences.
“Although some of these studies have shown little change in unisensory function despite substantial changes in multisensory performance (Foxe et al., 2013; Stevenson et al., 2014c; Stevenson et al., 2014d, e), others have illustrated a complex pattern of differences that are ultimately difficult to interpret (Brandwein et al., 2012; Kwakye et al., 2011; Russo et al., 2010).”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Brandwein et al., 2012
Children with ASD show decreased multisensory integration as early as 100 ms post stimulus presentation.
“Children with ASD show decreased multisensory integration as early as 100 ms post stimulus presentation”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Brandwein et al., 2012
Children with ASD appear to recruit different neural networks to accomplish multisensory integration.
“and appear to recruit different neural networks to accomplish this integration (Brandwein et al., 2012)”
From Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Brandwein et al., 2012
Individuals with ASD show decreased multisensory facilitation to audiovisual inputs.
“show decreased multisensory facilitation to audiovisual inputs (Brandwein et al., 2013)”
From The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Brandwein et al., 2013
ASD patients show particular deficits in multisensory facilitation.
“ASD patients show particular deficits in multisensory facilitation”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [118]
ASD patients' deficits in multisensory facilitation may lead to a fragmented experience of the environment.
“perhaps leading to a fragmented experience of the environment, (117, 118).”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [118]
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Visual influences on speech perception in children with autism
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Organization and plasticity in multisensory integration
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Common or Redundant Neural Circuits for Duration Processing across Audition and Touch
Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., Fiebelkorn, I. C., Mercier, M. R., Schwartz, T. H., & Foxe, J. J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3296-10.2011 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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Self-citationElectrophysiological Markers of Visuocortical Development
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Ten Years at the Multisensory Forum: Musings on the Evolution of a Field
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Robertson, C. E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.112 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder
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“…from the addition of auditory information to a visual search task (Collignon et al., 2013), show decreased multisensory facilitation to audiovisual inputs (Brandwein et al., 2013), and exhibit altered cortical recruitment during simultaneous audio-visual stimuli presentation (Russo et al., 2010).”
Multisensory temporal integration in autism spectrum disorders
Stevenson, R. A., Siemann, J. K., Schneider, B. C., Eberly, H. E., Woynaroski, T. G., Camarata, S. M., & Wallace, M. T. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3615-13.2014 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia
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Sensory Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Foxe, J. J., Molholm, S., Del Bene, V. A., Frey, H.-P., Russo, N. N., Blanco, D., Saint-Amour, D., & Ross, L. A. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht213 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationBrandwein, A. B., Foxe, J. J., Butler, J. S., Frey, H.-P., Bates, J. C., Shulman, L. H., & Molholm, S. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2212-9 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationTrevisan, D. A., Roberts, N., Lin, C., & Birmingham, E. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188446 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
A computational perspective on autism
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Zaidel, A., Goin-Kochel, R. P., & Angelaki, D. E. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1506582112 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Diminished sensitivity of audiovisual temporal order in autism spectrum disorder
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Approaches to Understanding Multisensory Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“…behavioral measures, have determined that the development of multisensory integration might be delayed in these individuals [Beker et al., 2018; Brandwein et al., 2012; Foxe et al., 2015; Stevenson, Siemann, et al., 2013; Taylor et al., 2010], along with evidence of sex-dependent differences…”
BackgroundInfluentialSensory processing in autism across exteroceptive and interoceptive domains.
Proff, I., Williams, G. L., Quadt, L., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2022) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/pne0000262 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Charbonneau, G., Bertone, A., Lepore, F., Nassim, M., Lassonde, M., Mottron, L., & Collignon, O. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Stewart, C. R., Sanchez, S. S., Grenesko, E. L., Brown, C. M., Chen, C. P., Keehn, B., Velasquez, F., Lincoln, A. J., & Müller, R.-A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2367-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Beker, S., Foxe, J. J., & Molholm, S. (2021) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00329.2021 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporal synchrony and audiovisual integration of speech and object stimuli in autism
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Auditory Deficits in Audiovisual Speech Perception in Adult Asperger’s Syndrome: fMRI Study
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“Changes in multisensory function have been demonstrated using simple auditory and visual stimuli (Brandwein et al., 2013) and the double-flash illusion (Foss-Feig et al.”
Borgolte, A., Roy, M., Sinke, C., Wiswede, D., Stephan, M., Bleich, S., Münte, T. F., & Szycik, G. R. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108022 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brandwein, A. B., Foxe, J. J., Butler, J. S., Russo, N. N., Altschuler, T. S., Gomes, H., & Molholm, S.
- Affiliations
- Queens College, CUNY (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- City College of New York (US)
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brandwein, A. B.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-05-24
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1329-1341
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC3643715
- OpenAlex
- W2137912756
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 21.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh085322-05)
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (P30 HD071593)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 085322)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD071593)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, high-functioning autism, multisensory integration, audiovisual integration, high-density EEG, reaction time, social cognition, cortical networks, children
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Auditory Perception, Brain Mapping, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Perceptual Disorders, Photic Stimulation, Probability, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Visual Perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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