The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet; none of the 56 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Reduced nucleus accumbens reactivity and adolescent depression following early-life stress
Open accessAbstract
Depression is a common outcome for those having experienced early-life stress (ELS). For those individuals, depression typically increases during adolescence and appears to endure into adulthood, suggesting alterations in the development of brain systems involved in depression. Developmentally, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a limbic structure associated with reward learning and motivation, typically undergoes dramatic functional change during adolescence; therefore, age-related changes in NAcc function may underlie increases in depression in adolescence following ELS. The current study examined the effects of ELS in 38 previously institutionalized children and adolescents in comparison to a group of 31 youths without a history of ELS. Consistent with previous research, the findings showed that depression was higher in adolescents than children with a history of ELS. Additionally, functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed atypical NAcc development, where the ELS group did not show a typical increase in NAcc reactivity during adolescence. Consequently, the ELS group showed NAcc hypoactivation during adolescence, and lower NAcc reactivity was correlated with higher depression scores. The results have important implications for understanding how ELS may influence increases in depression via neural development during the transition to adolescence and highlight the importance of identifying at-risk individuals in childhood, a potential critical period for depression-targeted intervention.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 2 references not checked yet
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 56 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for the ELS group only, positive affect scores were significantly lower in adolescence than in childhood t(35)=2.13, p<.05”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a two-way interaction of ELSGroup×AgeGroup (F(1,63)=5.46, p<.025, partial η2=.08)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the average RCADS-P MDD T-score was significantly higher for the ELS group (mean(SD);range=45.74(9.09);31.0-70.6) than for the comparison group (mean(SD); range=35.28(3.96); 30.4-46.5)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“post hoc tests showed that for the ELS group only, depression scores were significantly different between age groups (F(1,36)=6.25, p<.025)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ELS group reported significantly higher levels of negative affect than the comparison group”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there were no effects of pubertal status on depression scores (p>.25)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 67Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“anxiety scores were significantly higher for the ELS group(mean(SD); range=43.54(9.37); 28.9-72.9) than for the comparison group (mean(SD); range=35.03(5.41); 25.2-49.1)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while no significant age group differences were seen in the ELS group (t(36)=.79, ps>.05)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis confirmed the inverse association between NAcc activity and depression scores, as shown in Table 2.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When only the ELS group was examined, the association between NAcc response to happy faces and depression scores remained (beta = -.30, p<.05).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“d-prime was higher in adolescents (mean(SD)=2.7(1.0)) than children (mean(SD)=1.9(1.1))”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“d-prime was higher for the neutral/happy face condition (mean(SD)=2.95(.93)) than d-prime for the neutral/fear condition (mean(SD)=2.43(1.29)) in adolescents (t(27)=2.69, p<.015), but there was no difference between the two conditions in children, t(39)=.66, ns”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ELSGroup×AgeGroup interaction that was observed in RCADS depression scores was not observed in RCADS anxiety scores (F(1,67)=2.47, ps>.05, partial η2=.04), showing that unlike the age-related differences in depression scores, anxiety scores remained constant over the two age groups”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reported positive affect was high in all children and was significantly lower for adolescents”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no main effects or interactions for reaction time (ps>.05).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“none of the comparison participants scored within clinical range, and eight of the participants form the ELS group exhibited mental health characteristics within the clinical range”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.1. Participants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although ELS was associated with depression and anxiety, only depression scores showed age-related change, whereas anxiety was elevated in both age groups.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.1
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although ELS was associated with depression and anxiety, only depression scores showed age-related change, whereas anxiety was elevated in both age groups.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.1
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, there was no observable effect of ELS on NAcc reactivity during childhood, as both groups of children demonstrated relatively low levels of NAcc reactivity.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In support of this hypothesis, the effect of ELS on NAcc reactivity in the current study was observed in the adolescent group, the same group with highest depression symptoms.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, while the present study did not find significant relationships between pubertal status and depression or NAcc activity, our sample was rather underpowered for these analyses.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a prospective examination of soldiers heading to combat, NAcc activity declined following stress exposure and was associated with clinical symptoms of depression”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Admon et al., in press
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early-life stress effects have been found following both abuse (Anda et al., 2006; Maniglio, 2009; Raineki, et al., 2012) and maternal deprivation (Johnson, 2002; Loman and Gunnar, 2010)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.1
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The NAcc is a dopamine receptor-rich limbic structure associated with reward learning and motivation in response to pleasurable stimuli (Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999) such as the visual presentation of happy faces for humans (Monk et al., 2008).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Monk et al., 2008 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dillon et al., (2009) found that participants with a history of early-life maltreatment displayed dampened behavioral responsiveness to reward and reduced activation in striatal structures.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dillon et al., (2009) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“has been shown to have good reliability and validity”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.5. Parent Report Questionnaires
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 1998
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“electrophysiological and lesion studies have demonstrated a sensitivity of dopaminergic pathways (Powell et al., 2003; Hall et al., 1998; Jones et al., 1992), including the NAcc (Fulford and Marsden, 1998; Jones et al., 1992), and reduced responsiveness to reward (Lapiz et al., 2000) to early adverse experiences”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.4
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As adolescents, these individuals showed hyporesponsivity in the ventral striatum in response to reward, and unlike in typical adolescents, ventral striatum activity was not modulated by reward value.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al., (2009) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also obtained acceptable alpha coefficients for the abbreviated version of the questionnaire (PA alpha=.77, NA alpha=.75).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.6. Child Report Questionnaires
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these findings suggest that ELS impacts the development of the ventral striatum, resulting in hyporeactivity, which adversely impacts reward and motivational processing.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.4
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“low ventral striatum activity predicts an association between recent stressful events and low positive affect in a group of emergent adults”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nikolova et al. (2012) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“which has been shown to be valid and reliable in developing samples”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.5. Parent Report Questionnaires
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chorpita et al., 2005
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“adolescents with a history of ELS had the unique combination of low positive affect and high negative affect, based on visual inspection of the statistical main effects”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyzed data were free of motion greater than 2.5 mm in any direction. TRs with motion greater than 2.5 mm in any direction were excluded (via censoring), and all participants had fewer than 15% of total TRs censored”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.3. fMRI Data Acquisition
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These differential developmental patterns for anxiety and depression have been characterized previously (Angold and Rutter, 1992; Cole et al., 1998), with depression being infrequent in childhood and emerging in early adolescence.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.1
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although fMRI does not have enough resolution to identify the NAcc with confidence”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.5
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“showing that depression is most pronounced among early adolescents (Brooks-Gunn and Petersen, 1991; Petersen et al., 1993), showing a sharp increase after age 10 (Kessler and Magee, 1993; Angold and Rutter, 1992)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.1. Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brooks-Gunn and Petersen, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 1993 source
- Not checked yetcites Kessler and Magee, 1993
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the data suggest that depression typically emerges after childhood because it is after this point that group differences emerge in NAcc activity, with the ELS group failing to show the developmentally-typical rise in NAcc reactivity shown by the comparison group.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several research groups have observed that in institutional care, health care, nutrition, and safety needs are often met; however, necessary maternal input is lacking (Groark and McCall, 2011; Groark et al., 2011; Smyke et al., 2007; The St. Petersburg-USA Orphanage Research Team, 2008; Tirella et al., 2008; Vorria et al., 2003; Zych, 2006).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groark and McCall, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Groark et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Smyke et al., 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This analysis also showed associations between depression scores and superior parietal lobule and parahippocampal gyrus activity, two regions that have shown depression related phenotypes in previous studies (Fallucca et al., 2011; Milne et al., 2012).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Institutional care, which is sparse, unstable, and regimented (Smyke et al., 2007), is unfortunately a naturally occurring example of early-life stress in humans.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smyke et al., 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a limitation of our design is that we did not employ a reward learning paradigm, which might be better suited for examination of the NAcc.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, an experimental benefit to studying this population is knowledge of a discrete period of deprivation.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, in both healthy youths (Somerville et al., 2011) and those at risk for depression (Monk et al., 2008), emotional faces like happy have been effective in recruiting NAcc activity and effective in separating out diagnostic groups.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maternal deprivation is a potent stressor for the human infant (as reviewed in Tottenham, 2012), and not surprisingly, emotional health is at significant risk in previously institutionalized children (reviewed in Gunnar et al., 2000).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar et al., 2000 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Low ventral striatum reactivity in response to happy faces has been associated with clinical depression (Epstein et al., 2006).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epstein et al., 2006 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, randomized control intervention work suggests that institutionalization itself may be the most significant factor in children's developmental histories (Zeanah et al., 2009).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zeanah et al., 2009 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, due to the nature of international adoption, we do not have access to individual prenatal/developmental histories for previously-institutionalized youths.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The anatomically defined region used in the analyses corresponds to the nucleus accumbens.
“Although fMRI does not have enough resolution to identify the NAcc with confidence, our analyses focused on an anatomically defined region consistent with the location of the NAcc. For brevity's sake, we refer to this region as the NAcc throughout the manuscript.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Institutional care in orphanages abroad constitutes early-life stress.
“We examined children and adolescents with and without a history of ELS (institutional care in orphanages abroad)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Children reared in institutions do not alter behavioral responses to stimuli as a function of reward-value, whereas typically-developing children are faster and more accurate in responding to rewarded vs. non-rewarded stimuli.(99, 100)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Children exposed to institutional deprivation were less likely to learn a pattern of numbers embedded in a serial reaction time task, as indicated by slower reaction time and lower accuracy than comparison children on patterned relative to non-patterned trials.(100)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“intervention effects have been found for IQ, language development, reward learning, neural function assessed with EEG, and white matter volume and integrity;(93, 100, 114, 129, 133, 135, 136)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“While institutionally reared children had decreased ventral striatal response to positive emotional faces (Goff et al., 2013), adolescents with a history of physical and sexual abuse demonstrated increased reactivity to positively valenced social stimuli (Dennison et al., 2016), suggesting a potential difference in the effects of neglect vs abuse.”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Goff et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Despite this difference, in both groups decreased activation of the ventral striatum correlated with increased depressive symptoms.”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Goff et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“in many of the human studies reviewed, decreased activation in regions of the basal ganglia to the anticipation or receipt of reward was not only associated with depressive symptoms (Dillon et al., 2009; Goff et al., 2013), but often found to mediate the relationship between ELS and depression (Corral-Frías et al., 2015; Hanson et al., 2015).”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Goff et al., 2013
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
p-value fits an unstated one-tailed test: F(1,64)=7.66, p < .007
MinorThe paper reports p < .007 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .007. The reported value is what a one-tailed test gives, but the paper does not say near this result that a one-tailed test was used.
Reported p < .007 · recomputed p = .007
“F(1,64)=7.66, p<.007”
Inconsistent p-value: t(29)=2.33, p < .01
MinorThe paper reports p < .01 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .027 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .027
“t(29)=2.33, p<.01”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 64) = 7.66reported p < .007 · recomputed p = .007
“F(1,64)=7.66, p < .007”
- Doesn’t add upt(29) = 2.33reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .027
“t(29)=2.33, p < .01”
- ConsistentF(1, 63) = 38.66reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,63)=38.66, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 63) = 5.46reported p < .025 · recomputed p = .023
“F(1,63)=5.46, p < .025”
- ConsistentF(1, 36) = 6.25reported p < .025 · recomputed p = .017
“F(1,36)=6.25, p < .025”
- ConsistentF(1, 64) = 21.19reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,64)=21.19, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 59) = 6.77reported p < .015 · recomputed p = .012
“F(1,59) =6.77, p < .015”
- Consistentt(35) = 2.13reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .040
“t(35)=2.13, p < .05”
- ConsistentF(1, 59) = 5.96reported p < .025 · recomputed p = .018
“F(1,59)=5.96, p < .025”
- ConsistentF(1, 64) = 10.89reported p < .002 · recomputed p = .002
“F(1,64)=10.89, p < .002”
- Consistentt(27) = 2.69reported p < .015 · recomputed p = .012
“t(27)=2.69, p < .015”
- Consistentt(39) = 0.66reported n.s. · recomputed p = .513
“t(39)=.66, ns.”
- ConsistentF(1, 65) = 7.03reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010
“F(1,65)=7.03, p = .01”
- Consistentt(27) = 2.26reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .032
“t(27)=2.26, p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Child task comparison implies more children than enrolled
MinorA paired comparison with 39 degrees of freedom implies 40 children, but the final sample contained only 39 children. Excluding one child's responses could not increase that count.
“but there was no difference between the two conditions in children, t(39)=.66, ns.”
“our final sample of 69 participants, included 39 children between the ages of 5 and 10 years-old (24 ELS and 15 comparison)”
Anxiety ANOVA reports incompatible degrees of freedom
MinorThe reported main effect and interaction are from the same 2×2 anxiety analysis, but their denominator degrees of freedom are 64 and 67. They should have the same denominator degrees of freedom.
“analysis of RCADS-P Total Anxiety T-score yielded a main effect of ELS group (F(1,64)=21.19, p<.001, partial η2=.25)”
“The ELSGroup×AgeGroup interaction that was observed in RCADS depression scores was not observed in RCADS anxiety scores (F(1,67)=2.47, ps>.05, partial η2=.04)”
Citations
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006) · European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 · Cited by 4,292
A self‐report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity and initial norms
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537962 · Cited by 3,129
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123
Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01157-x · Cited by 2,791
THE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON DEPRESSION
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191 · Cited by 2,111 · cited 1×
“Depression is a common outcome for those individuals with a history of ELS (McEwen, 2000; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001), with the magnitude of childhood adversity predicting the severity of lifetime depression (Kessler, 1997).”
The neurobiology of stress and development.
Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 · Cited by 2,011 · cited 2×
“129 Early-life stress (ELS) can be defined as childhood exposure to events that negatively impact emotional or physical well-being to an extent that exceeds an individual’s ability to cope (Gunnar and Quevedo, 2007).”
Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8 · Cited by 1,966
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–102 of 102
Fan, J., Han, Y., Xia, J., Wang, X., Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Lu, J., Yu, Q., Yang, Y., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/2429889 · Cited by 10
Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for the Development of Incentive-Reward Motivation?
Luciana, M., & Collins, P. F. (2021) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_275 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., & Tottenham, N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tottenham, N.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 249
- Pages
- 129-138
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3646076
- OpenAlex
- W2008443876
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091864)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- early life stress, adolescent depression, nucleus accumbens, institutionalized children, neural development, adolescence, reward processing, motivation, limbic system
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nucleus Accumbens, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
