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Reduced nucleus accumbens reactivity and adolescent depression following early-life stress
Open accessAbstract
Depression is a common outcome for those having experienced early-life stress (ELS). For those individuals, depression typically increases during adolescence and appears to endure into adulthood, suggesting alterations in the development of brain systems involved in depression. Developmentally, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a limbic structure associated with reward learning and motivation, typically undergoes dramatic functional change during adolescence; therefore, age-related changes in NAcc function may underlie increases in depression in adolescence following ELS. The current study examined the effects of ELS in 38 previously institutionalized children and adolescents in comparison to a group of 31 youths without a history of ELS. Consistent with previous research, the findings showed that depression was higher in adolescents than children with a history of ELS. Additionally, functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed atypical NAcc development, where the ELS group did not show a typical increase in NAcc reactivity during adolescence. Consequently, the ELS group showed NAcc hypoactivation during adolescence, and lower NAcc reactivity was correlated with higher depression scores. The results have important implications for understanding how ELS may influence increases in depression via neural development during the transition to adolescence and highlight the importance of identifying at-risk individuals in childhood, a potential critical period for depression-targeted intervention.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 2 references not checked yet
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43 Own result · 34 Not checked yet · 13 Own interpretation · 9 Own method · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for the ELS group only, positive affect scores were significantly lower in adolescence than in childhood t(35)=2.13, p<.05”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a two-way interaction of ELSGroup×AgeGroup (F(1,63)=5.46, p<.025, partial η2=.08)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plaincorrelationaln = 67 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the average RCADS-P MDD T-score was significantly higher for the ELS group (mean(SD);range=45.74(9.09);31.0-70.6) than for the comparison group (mean(SD); range=35.28(3.96); 30.4-46.5)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plainn = 67- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“post hoc tests showed that for the ELS group only, depression scores were significantly different between age groups (F(1,36)=6.25, p<.025)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plaincorrelationaln = 67- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ELS group reported significantly higher levels of negative affect than the comparison group”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plaincorrelationaln = 69 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there were no effects of pubertal status on depression scores (p>.25)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plainn = 67- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“anxiety scores were significantly higher for the ELS group(mean(SD); range=43.54(9.37); 28.9-72.9) than for the comparison group (mean(SD); range=35.03(5.41); 25.2-49.1)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while no significant age group differences were seen in the ELS group (t(36)=.79, ps>.05)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis confirmed the inverse association between NAcc activity and depression scores, as shown in Table 2.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When only the ELS group was examined, the association between NAcc response to happy faces and depression scores remained (beta = -.30, p<.05).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents with a history of ELS exhibited significantly lower NAcc activation relative to the comparison adolescents (t(27)=2.26, p<.05)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, regression analyses controlling for age showed that there were no associations between NAcc response to happy faces > BL and age placed in institutional care (beta=.04, ns), age of adoption (beta=-.12, ns), or time with family (beta=.18, ns).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parent-report was corroborated by child and adolescent self-report measures of recent mood showing that adolescents, and not children, with a history of ELS experienced more negative affect in the absence of positive affect than any other group.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, regression analyses controlling for age showed that there were no associations between NAcc response to happy faces > BL and age placed in institutional care (beta=.04, ns), age of adoption (beta=-.12, ns), or time with family (beta=.18, ns).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“low NAcc activation while viewing happy faces predicted higher depression scores (beta= -.16, p<.05)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings revealed that parent-reported depression was significantly greater in adolescents with a history of ELS than in children.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regression analyses controlling for current age showed that there were no associations between RCADS-P depression T-scores and age placed in institutional care (beta=.06, ns), age of adoption (beta=.18, ns), or time with family (beta=-.28, ns).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no effects of pubertal status on NAcc activity (p>.91).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for the typically developing comparison group, mean NAcc activation significantly differed between child and adolescent groups (t(29)=2.33, p<.01)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NAcc response to fearful face was not associated with depression (beta=.02, ns)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other regions that showed significant inverse associations with depression scores are listed in Table 2.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant ELSGroup×AgeGroup interaction (F(1,65)=7.03, p=.01, partial η2=.10).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regression analyses controlling for current age showed that there were no associations between RCADS-P depression T-scores and age placed in institutional care (beta=.06, ns), age of adoption (beta=.18, ns), or time with family (beta=-.28, ns).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“linear regression analyses on the dependent measures of PANAS positive and negative affect z-scores and the independent variables of NAcc activation to happy faces > BL and fear faces >BL did not reveal a significant association between the variables (p>.05).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regression analyses controlling for current age showed that there were no associations between RCADS-P depression T-scores and age placed in institutional care (beta=.06, ns), age of adoption (beta=.18, ns), or time with family (beta=-.28, ns).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, regression analyses controlling for age showed that there were no associations between NAcc response to happy faces > BL and age placed in institutional care (beta=.04, ns), age of adoption (beta=-.12, ns), or time with family (beta=.18, ns).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tests of mediation in the adolescents did not show a significant mediating effect of NAcc function on the association between ELS and depressive symptoms (beta weight of NAcc indirect effect = -.12, ns).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, lower NAcc activity was associated with higher levels of depression, consistent with the notion that hypoactivity in the NAcc and depressive behaviors are correlated.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though we did not find an association between self-reported affect and NAcc reactivity, the limited response range of our child-appropriate positive affect measure most likely precluded our ability to find significant associations with neural activity.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our inability to find significant mediation was most likely predicated on the fact that group differences were only evident in the adolescents (not the children), and the adolescent sample alone may have been underpowered to test for indirect effects.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unlike the normative increase in NAcc activity during the transition from childhood to adolescence (Galvan et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2005; van Leijenhorst et al., 2009; Geier et al., 2009) observed in the typically-raised comparison group, NAcc reactivity did not increase with age in the ELS group, and as a consequence, was hypoactive in the ELS adolescents.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis also showed associations between depression scores and superior parietal lobule and parahippocampal gyrus activity, two regions that have shown depression related phenotypes in previous studies (Fallucca et al., 2011; Milne et al., 2012).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the normative increase in NAcc activity during the transition from childhood to adolescence (Galvan et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2005; van Leijenhorst et al., 2009; Geier et al., 2009) observed in the typically-raised comparison group, NAcc reactivity did not increase with age in the ELS group, and as a consequence, was hypoactive in the ELS adolescents.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with previous research associating stress-induced dysfunction in the ventral striatum, in particular the NAcc, with depressive behaviors, we observed that NAcc function is hypoactive during adolescence following ELS.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 5. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Depression is a common outcome for those individuals with a history of ELS”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.1
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Depression typically does not emerge until the adolescent period despite early environmental insults, and this relatively late onset of depression has been documented in both human and non-human animal models of ELS”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.1
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“with the magnitude of childhood adversity predicting the severity of lifetime depression”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kessler, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that ELS alters the development of brain systems involved in depression”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.1
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the effects appear to endure into adulthood”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.1
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson, 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Loman and Gunnar, 2010
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the NAcc response to pleasurable stimuli shows relatively late functional development, increasing significantly during the transition from childhood into adolescence, when it reaches a developmentally-normative peak in functional activity”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.2
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“depression has been associated with altered neural activity in the ventral striatum (Epstein et al., 2006; Eshel and Roiser, 2010; Forbes et al., 2009; Monk et al., 2008.; Pizzagalli et al., 2009; Price and Drevets, 2010; Teicher et al., 2009), which includes the nucleus accumbens (NAcc)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.2
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We present findings to argue that deviation from this developmental trajectory coincides with the emergence of depressive behaviors in adolescence.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the association between stress and depression may be mediated by stress-related changes in the NAcc”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These self-reported mood scores were consistent with parent reports of higher depression during adolescence following ELS.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plaincorrelationaln = 69- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ELS group did not show a typical increase in NAcc reactivity during adolescence”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > Abstract
plainn = 38- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results have important implications for understanding how ELS may influence increases in depression via neural development during the transition to adolescence”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > Abstract
hedgedconditionaln = 38- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hypoactivity of the NAcc has been associated with the anhedonic aspects of depression (Wacker et al., 2009); therefore the NAcc hypoactivity observed in the current study may have contributed to the depressive behaviors in adolescents with ELS by increasing anhedonic states, a notion supported by the self-reported mood ratings in ELS adolescents (low positive affect, high negative affect).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wacker et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings replicate earlier reports showing that depression associated with ELS is associated with NAcc hypoactivity.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hypoactivity of the NAcc has been associated with the anhedonic aspects of depression (Wacker et al., 2009); therefore the NAcc hypoactivity observed in the current study may have contributed to the depressive behaviors in adolescents with ELS by increasing anhedonic states, a notion supported by the self-reported mood ratings in ELS adolescents (low positive affect, high negative affect).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wacker et al., 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the normative increase in NAcc activity during the transition from childhood to adolescence (Galvan et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2005; van Leijenhorst et al., 2009; Geier et al., 2009) observed in the typically-raised comparison group, NAcc reactivity did not increase with age in the ELS group, and as a consequence, was hypoactive in the ELS adolescents.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though we did not find an association between self-reported affect and NAcc reactivity, the limited response range of our child-appropriate positive affect measure most likely precluded our ability to find significant associations with neural activity.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our inability to find significant mediation was most likely predicated on the fact that group differences were only evident in the adolescents (not the children), and the adolescent sample alone may have been underpowered to test for indirect effects.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings support the hypothesis that ELS would be associated with hypoactivity of the NAcc during adolescence.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, intervention studies suggest that many of the mental health effects of institutionalization are likely to be related to institutionalization itself rather than preexisting genetic or prenatal conditions of the child (Bos et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2007; The St. Petersburg-USA Orphanage Research Team, 2008).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Diagnostically, previously institutionalized children demonstrate an increased rate of internalizing and externalizing emotion regulation disorders such as anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Zeanah et al., 2009).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zeanah et al., 2009 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unlike most other studied populations with a history of ELS, previously institutionalized infants are removed from stress exposure through an adoption process into stable caregiving environments, thereby temporally isolating the duration of the stress exposure to the infant period.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite this beneficial and dramatic “intervention” through international adoption, socio-emotional difficulties may remain or even exacerbate into adolescence (Colvert et al., 2008; Verhulst et al., 1990) suggesting that there may be long-term changes in neural systems associated with emotional processes following orphanage care.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Maternal deprivation is a potent stressor for the human infant (as reviewed in Tottenham, 2012), and not surprisingly, emotional health is at significant risk in previously institutionalized children (reviewed in Gunnar et al., 2000).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tottenham, 2012 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite this beneficial and dramatic “intervention” through international adoption, socio-emotional difficulties may remain or even exacerbate into adolescence (Colvert et al., 2008; Verhulst et al., 1990) suggesting that there may be long-term changes in neural systems associated with emotional processes following orphanage care.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Importantly, our results replicate those of Mehta et al. (2009) who used a reward-learning task (i.e., a monetary incentive delay task) and showed NAcc hypoactivity in previously institutionalized adolescents.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al. (2009) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, while the present study did not find significant relationships between pubertal status and depression or NAcc activity, our sample was rather underpowered for these analyses.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results from the current study have important implications for understanding how early-life stress can influence the emergence of depression during adolescence.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 5. Conclusions
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“d-prime was higher in adolescents (mean(SD)=2.7(1.0)) than children (mean(SD)=1.9(1.1))”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“d-prime was higher for the neutral/happy face condition (mean(SD)=2.95(.93)) than d-prime for the neutral/fear condition (mean(SD)=2.43(1.29)) in adolescents (t(27)=2.69, p<.015), but there was no difference between the two conditions in children, t(39)=.66, ns”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plainn = 2 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ELSGroup×AgeGroup interaction that was observed in RCADS depression scores was not observed in RCADS anxiety scores (F(1,67)=2.47, ps>.05, partial η2=.04), showing that unlike the age-related differences in depression scores, anxiety scores remained constant over the two age groups”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reported positive affect was high in all children and was significantly lower for adolescents”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plainn = 69 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no main effects or interactions for reaction time (ps>.05).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“none of the comparison participants scored within clinical range, and eight of the participants form the ELS group exhibited mental health characteristics within the clinical range”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.1. Participants
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although ELS was associated with depression and anxiety, only depression scores showed age-related change, whereas anxiety was elevated in both age groups.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although ELS was associated with depression and anxiety, only depression scores showed age-related change, whereas anxiety was elevated in both age groups.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, there was no observable effect of ELS on NAcc reactivity during childhood, as both groups of children demonstrated relatively low levels of NAcc reactivity.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In support of this hypothesis, the effect of ELS on NAcc reactivity in the current study was observed in the adolescent group, the same group with highest depression symptoms.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, while the present study did not find significant relationships between pubertal status and depression or NAcc activity, our sample was rather underpowered for these analyses.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a prospective examination of soldiers heading to combat, NAcc activity declined following stress exposure and was associated with clinical symptoms of depression”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Admon et al., in press
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early-life stress effects have been found following both abuse (Anda et al., 2006; Maniglio, 2009; Raineki, et al., 2012) and maternal deprivation (Johnson, 2002; Loman and Gunnar, 2010)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.1
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The NAcc is a dopamine receptor-rich limbic structure associated with reward learning and motivation in response to pleasurable stimuli (Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999) such as the visual presentation of happy faces for humans (Monk et al., 2008).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.2
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Monk et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dillon et al., (2009) found that participants with a history of early-life maltreatment displayed dampened behavioral responsiveness to reward and reduced activation in striatal structures.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dillon et al., (2009) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“has been shown to have good reliability and validity”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.5. Parent Report Questionnaires
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“electrophysiological and lesion studies have demonstrated a sensitivity of dopaminergic pathways (Powell et al., 2003; Hall et al., 1998; Jones et al., 1992), including the NAcc (Fulford and Marsden, 1998; Jones et al., 1992), and reduced responsiveness to reward (Lapiz et al., 2000) to early adverse experiences”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.4
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As adolescents, these individuals showed hyporesponsivity in the ventral striatum in response to reward, and unlike in typical adolescents, ventral striatum activity was not modulated by reward value.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al., (2009) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also obtained acceptable alpha coefficients for the abbreviated version of the questionnaire (PA alpha=.77, NA alpha=.75).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.6. Child Report Questionnaires
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these findings suggest that ELS impacts the development of the ventral striatum, resulting in hyporeactivity, which adversely impacts reward and motivational processing.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.4
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“low ventral striatum activity predicts an association between recent stressful events and low positive affect in a group of emergent adults”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nikolova et al. (2012) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“which has been shown to be valid and reliable in developing samples”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.5. Parent Report Questionnaires
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chorpita et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“adolescents with a history of ELS had the unique combination of low positive affect and high negative affect, based on visual inspection of the statistical main effects”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
plaincorrelationaln = 69 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyzed data were free of motion greater than 2.5 mm in any direction. TRs with motion greater than 2.5 mm in any direction were excluded (via censoring), and all participants had fewer than 15% of total TRs censored”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.3. fMRI Data Acquisition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These differential developmental patterns for anxiety and depression have been characterized previously (Angold and Rutter, 1992; Cole et al., 1998), with depression being infrequent in childhood and emerging in early adolescence.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.1
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although fMRI does not have enough resolution to identify the NAcc with confidence”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 1. Introduction > 1.5
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“showing that depression is most pronounced among early adolescents (Brooks-Gunn and Petersen, 1991; Petersen et al., 1993), showing a sharp increase after age 10 (Kessler and Magee, 1993; Angold and Rutter, 1992)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.1. Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brooks-Gunn and Petersen, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 1993 source
- Not checked yetcites Kessler and Magee, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the data suggest that depression typically emerges after childhood because it is after this point that group differences emerge in NAcc activity, with the ELS group failing to show the developmentally-typical rise in NAcc reactivity shown by the comparison group.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several research groups have observed that in institutional care, health care, nutrition, and safety needs are often met; however, necessary maternal input is lacking (Groark and McCall, 2011; Groark et al., 2011; Smyke et al., 2007; The St. Petersburg-USA Orphanage Research Team, 2008; Tirella et al., 2008; Vorria et al., 2003; Zych, 2006).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groark and McCall, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Groark et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Smyke et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This analysis also showed associations between depression scores and superior parietal lobule and parahippocampal gyrus activity, two regions that have shown depression related phenotypes in previous studies (Fallucca et al., 2011; Milne et al., 2012).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.2
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Institutional care, which is sparse, unstable, and regimented (Smyke et al., 2007), is unfortunately a naturally occurring example of early-life stress in humans.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smyke et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a limitation of our design is that we did not employ a reward learning paradigm, which might be better suited for examination of the NAcc.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, an experimental benefit to studying this population is knowledge of a discrete period of deprivation.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, in both healthy youths (Somerville et al., 2011) and those at risk for depression (Monk et al., 2008), emotional faces like happy have been effective in recruiting NAcc activity and effective in separating out diagnostic groups.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maternal deprivation is a potent stressor for the human infant (as reviewed in Tottenham, 2012), and not surprisingly, emotional health is at significant risk in previously institutionalized children (reviewed in Gunnar et al., 2000).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.3
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar et al., 2000 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Low ventral striatum reactivity in response to happy faces has been associated with clinical depression (Epstein et al., 2006).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epstein et al., 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, randomized control intervention work suggests that institutionalization itself may be the most significant factor in children's developmental histories (Zeanah et al., 2009).”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zeanah et al., 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, due to the nature of international adoption, we do not have access to individual prenatal/developmental histories for previously-institutionalized youths.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 4. Discussion > 4.4
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The anatomically defined region used in the analyses corresponds to the nucleus accumbens.
“Although fMRI does not have enough resolution to identify the NAcc with confidence, our analyses focused on an anatomically defined region consistent with the location of the NAcc. For brevity's sake, we refer to this region as the NAcc throughout the manuscript.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Institutional care in orphanages abroad constitutes early-life stress.
“We examined children and adolescents with and without a history of ELS (institutional care in orphanages abroad)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Children reared in institutions do not alter behavioral responses to stimuli as a function of reward-value, whereas typically-developing children are faster and more accurate in responding to rewarded vs. non-rewarded stimuli.(99, 100)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Children exposed to institutional deprivation were less likely to learn a pattern of numbers embedded in a serial reaction time task, as indicated by slower reaction time and lower accuracy than comparison children on patterned relative to non-patterned trials.(100)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“intervention effects have been found for IQ, language development, reward learning, neural function assessed with EEG, and white matter volume and integrity;(93, 100, 114, 129, 133, 135, 136)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“While institutionally reared children had decreased ventral striatal response to positive emotional faces (Goff et al., 2013), adolescents with a history of physical and sexual abuse demonstrated increased reactivity to positively valenced social stimuli (Dennison et al., 2016), suggesting a potential difference in the effects of neglect vs abuse.”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Goff et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Despite this difference, in both groups decreased activation of the ventral striatum correlated with increased depressive symptoms.”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Goff et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“in many of the human studies reviewed, decreased activation in regions of the basal ganglia to the anticipation or receipt of reward was not only associated with depressive symptoms (Dillon et al., 2009; Goff et al., 2013), but often found to mediate the relationship between ELS and depression (Corral-Frías et al., 2015; Hanson et al., 2015).”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Goff et al., 2013
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F(1,64)=7.66, p<.007”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
Reported p < .007 · recomputed p = .007
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“t(29)=2.33, p<.01”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
Reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .027
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 64) = 7.66reported p < .007 · recomputed p = .007
“F(1,64)=7.66, p < .007”
- Doesn’t add upt(29) = 2.33reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .027
“t(29)=2.33, p < .01”
- ConsistentF(1, 63) = 38.66reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,63)=38.66, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 63) = 5.46reported p < .025 · recomputed p = .023
“F(1,63)=5.46, p < .025”
- ConsistentF(1, 36) = 6.25reported p < .025 · recomputed p = .017
“F(1,36)=6.25, p < .025”
- ConsistentF(1, 64) = 21.19reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,64)=21.19, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 59) = 6.77reported p < .015 · recomputed p = .012
“F(1,59) =6.77, p < .015”
- Consistentt(35) = 2.13reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .040
“t(35)=2.13, p < .05”
- ConsistentF(1, 59) = 5.96reported p < .025 · recomputed p = .018
“F(1,59)=5.96, p < .025”
- ConsistentF(1, 64) = 10.89reported p < .002 · recomputed p = .002
“F(1,64)=10.89, p < .002”
- Consistentt(27) = 2.69reported p < .015 · recomputed p = .012
“t(27)=2.69, p < .015”
- Consistentt(39) = 0.66reported n.s. · recomputed p = .513
“t(39)=.66, ns.”
- ConsistentF(1, 65) = 7.03reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010
“F(1,65)=7.03, p = .01”
- Consistentt(27) = 2.26reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .032
“t(27)=2.26, p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.2. fMRI Findings
“but there was no difference between the two conditions in children, t(39)=.66, ns.”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 2. Experimental Procedures > 2.1. Participants
“our final sample of 69 participants, included 39 children between the ages of 5 and 10 years-old (24 ELS and 15 comparison)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
“analysis of RCADS-P Total Anxiety T-score yielded a main effect of ELS group (F(1,64)=21.19, p<.001, partial η2=.25)”
§ Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Reactivity and Adolescent Depression following Early-life Stress > 3. Results > 3.1. Depression scores between children and adolescence with a history of early-life stress
“The ELSGroup×AgeGroup interaction that was observed in RCADS depression scores was not observed in RCADS anxiety scores (F(1,67)=2.47, ps>.05, partial η2=.04)”
Citations
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006) · European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 · Cited by 4,292
A self‐report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity and initial norms
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537962 · Cited by 3,129
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123
Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01157-x · Cited by 2,791
THE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON DEPRESSION
Kessler, R. C. (1997) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191 · Cited by 2,111 · cited 1×
“Depression is a common outcome for those individuals with a history of ELS (McEwen, 2000; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001), with the magnitude of childhood adversity predicting the severity of lifetime depression (Kessler, 1997).”
The neurobiology of stress and development.
Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 · Cited by 2,011 · cited 2×
“129 Early-life stress (ELS) can be defined as childhood exposure to events that negatively impact emotional or physical well-being to an extent that exceeds an individual’s ability to cope (Gunnar and Quevedo, 2007).”
Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8 · Cited by 1,966
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Annual research review: enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12507 · Cited by 1,473
Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892
Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology
McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 · Cited by 576
“In a recent study, an increase in ventral striatum response to happy emotional faces occurred from childhood to adolescence in typically developing children but not in children reared in deprived institutions (Goff et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFrontostriatal maturation predicts cognitive control failure to appetitive cues in adolescents
Somerville, L. H., Hare, T., & Casey, B. J. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21572 · Cited by 523
Early life stress and development: potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes
Smith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2020) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-020-09337-y · Cited by 500
Metadata
- Authors
- Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., & Tottenham, N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tottenham, N.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 249
- Pages
- 129-138
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3646076
- OpenAlex
- W2008443876
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091864)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- early life stress, adolescent depression, nucleus accumbens, institutionalized children, neural development, adolescence, reward processing, motivation, limbic system
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nucleus Accumbens, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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