Cited by 232Multiple Sclerosis Research StudiesBarrier Structure and Function StudiesAdvanced MRI Techniques and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Abnormal blood–brain barrier permeability in normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis investigated by MRI

Open access

Cramer, S.P., Simonsen, H., Frederiksen, J.L., Rostrup, E., Larsson, H.B.W.·2014·NeuroImage: Clinical

DOI 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.12.001PMC PMC3872721

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is disrupted in normal appearing white matter in MS patients, when compared to healthy controls and whether it is correlated with MS clinical characteristics. METHODS: Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was used to measure BBB permeability in 27 patients with MS and compared to 24 matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Permeability measured as K(trans) was significantly higher in periventricular normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and thalamic gray matter in MS patients when compared to healthy controls, with periventricular NAWM showing the most pronounced difference. Recent relapse coincided with significantly higher permeability in periventricular NAWM, thalamic gray matter, and MS lesions. Immunomodulatory treatment and recent relapse were significant predictors of permeability in MS lesions and periventricular NAWM. Our results suggest that after an MS relapse permeability gradually decreases, possibly an effect of immunomodulatory treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasize the importance of BBB pathology in MS, which we find to be most prominent in the periventricular NAWM, an area prone to development of MS lesions. Both the facts that recent relapse appears to cause widespread BBB disruption and that immunomodulatory treatment seems to attenuate this effect indicate that BBB permeability is intricately linked to the presence of MS relapse activity. This may reveal further insights into the pathophysiology of MS.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.12.001

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Fig. 1 A) On a T2-weighted anatomical MRI sequence, with same geometry as the four acquired DCE perfusion slices, we placed regions of interest in periventricular normal appearing white matter (green), normal appearing gray matter (blue), thalamic gray matter (white), non-enhancing MS lesions (red) and contrast-enhancing MS lesions (white). B) Map of voxel-wise calculation of Ktrans values for one MS patient. Marked with a red arrow is a visibly enhancing MS lesion. Note also that the scalp is showing relatively high values of permeability, due to the presence of extracranial vessels not expressing a blood–brain barrier.CC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Tissue enhancement curves, Patlak plots and derived parameters for one MS patient (left column) and one healthy control (right column). “Time” on the x-axis of the Patlak plot, corresponds to ∫0tCa(τ)dτ/Ca(t). Abbreviations: NAWM = normal appearing white matter. NEL = non-enhancing lesion. Vb = blood volume.CC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Permeability of the blood–brain barrier showing significantly higher values both in MS periventricular NAWM compared to cerebral white matter of healthy controls (p = 0.9 × 10− 5; one-tailed T test), and in thalamic gray matter (p = 0.003; one-tailed T test). Black line = median. Boxes = 25% and 75% percentiles. Whiskers = sample range, outliers marked by circles. NB! All outliers were included in statistical analysis.CC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central

Fig. 4 In MS patients with clinical relapse within the last three months (n = 10), we found significantly higher permeability in periventricular NAWM (p = 0.004), thalamic gray matter (p = 0.004), and non-enhancing lesions (NELs) (p = 0.003; two-tailed T tests) compared to those with no relapse within three months. Immunomodulatory treatment coincided with significantly lower permeability in NEL (p = 0.01; two-tailed T test). Linear regression analysis showed that treatment (Beta = − 0.021 mL/100 g/min, p = 0.039) and relapse within the last three months (Beta = 0.034 mL/100 g/min, p = 0.001) were significant predictors of permeability in MS NEL. The overall model fit was R2 = 0.37 and p = 0.001 with no significant interaction between the two parameters. Values for healthy controls are added for comparison. Black line = median. Boxes = 25% and 75% percentiles. Whiskers = sample range, outliers marked by a circle. Treatment = immunomodulatory treatment with IFN-beta or glatiramer acetate. Relapse = one or more relapses within the last three months.CC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central

Fig. 5 In MS patients receiving immunomodulatory treatment, we found the number of days since onset of last relapse to be a significant predictor of permeability in MS non-enhancing lesions (A), and periventricular normal appearing white matter (B). In the untreated group we found no such relation. Data points = mean value for each subject. Continuous line = logarithmic fit line; y = a − b∗log(x). R sq = R2. IFN-beta = interferon beta. GA = glatiramer acetate.CC BY-NC-SA · PubMed Central

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

PROBLEMS OF EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS OF THERAPY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: REPORT BY THE PANEL ON THE EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS OF THERAPY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Schumacher, G. A., Beebe, G., Kibler, R. F., Kurland, L. T., Kurtzke, J. F., McDowell, F., Nagler, B., Sibley, W. A., Tourtellotte, W. W., & Willmon, T. L. (1965) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb20235.x · Cited by 1,438 · cited 1×
“Relapsewasdefined as new or worsening symptoms that lasted 24 h and occurred in the absence of fever or infection (Schumacher et al., 1965).”
Background
Progressive multiple sclerosis: pathology and pathogenesis
Lassmann, H., van Horssen, J., & Mahad, D. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.168 · Cited by 1,033 · cited 5×
“…did not include secondary progressive MS patients, where the relationship between inflammation and damage to the BBB is less obvious than in RRMS (Lassmann et al., 2012), secondly, our cohorts were all evaluated for treatment intensification, thus presumably having a high relative disease…”
BackgroundInfluential
Blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis
Minagar, A., & Alexander, J. S. (2003) · Multiple Sclerosis · doi:10.1191/1352458503ms965oa · Cited by 685 · cited 2×
“However, the MS disease process itself seems capable of modifying the permeability of the BBB (Larochelle et al., 2011; Minagar and Alexander, 2003) but we observed no correlation between permeability and age, EDSS or years sinceMS onset indicating that BBB abnormalities do not seem toworsen with disease progression.”
Background
BREAKDOWN OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER PRECEDES SYMPTOMS AND OTHER MRI SIGNS OF NEW LESIONS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: PATHOGENETIC AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
KERMODE, A. G., THOMPSON, A. J., TOFTS, P., MACMANUS, D. G., KENDALL, B. E., KINGSLEY, D. P. E., MOSELEY, I. F., RUDGE, P., & MCDONALD, W. I. (1990) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/113.5.1477 · Cited by 578 · cited 1×
“All rights reser inactive MS lesions as well as normal appearing white matter (NAWM) (Kirk et al., 2003; McQuaid et al., 2009; Plumb et al., 2002; Vos et al., 2005), and serial MRI studies have indicated that structural changes (Filippi et al., 1998; Werring, 2000) and BBB dysfunction (Goodkin et…”
Background
How do immune cells overcome the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis?
Larochelle, C., Alvarez, J. I., & Prat, A. (2011) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.066 · Cited by 405 · cited 3×
“On the other hand, activated leukocytes themselves are capable of altering BBB permeability through expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines (Larochelle et al., 2011).”
Background
Magnetization transfer changes in the normal appering white matter precede the appearance of enhancing lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis
Filippi, M., Rocca, M. A., Martino, G., Horsfield, M. A., & Comi, G. (1998) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410430616 · Cited by 395 · cited 2×
“…white matter (NAWM) (Kirk et al., 2003; McQuaid et al., 2009; Plumb et al., 2002; Vos et al., 2005), and serial MRI studies have indicated that structural changes (Filippi et al., 1998; Werring, 2000) and BBB dysfunction (Goodkin et al., 1998) may precedemyelin damage and leukocyte infiltration.”
Background
Tight junctional abnormality in multiple sclerosis white matter affects all calibres of vessel and is associated with blood–brain barrier leakage and active demyelination
Kirk, J., Plumb, J., Mirakhur, M., & McQuaid, S. (2003) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1434 · Cited by 375 · cited 2×
“All rights reser inactive MS lesions as well as normal appearing white matter (NAWM) (Kirk et al., 2003; McQuaid et al., 2009; Plumb et al., 2002; Vos et al., 2005), and serial MRI studies have indicated that structural changes (Filippi et al., 1998; Werring, 2000) and BBB dysfunction (Goodkin et…”
Background
Serial gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scans in patients with early, relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: Implications for clinical trials and natural history
Harris, J. O., Frank, J., Patronas, N., Mcfarlin, D. E., & McFarland, H. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410290515 · Cited by 334
The pathogenesis of lesions and normal-appearing white matter changes in multiple sclerosis: A serial diffusion MRI study
Werring, D. J. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.8.1667 · Cited by 323 · cited 3×
“…white matter (NAWM) (Kirk et al., 2003; McQuaid et al., 2009; Plumb et al., 2002; Vos et al., 2005), and serial MRI studies have indicated that structural changes (Filippi et al., 1998; Werring, 2000) and BBB dysfunction (Goodkin et al., 1998) may precedemyelin damage and leukocyte infiltration.”
Background
Epstein-Barr virus infection is not a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis brain.
Willis, S., Stadelmann, C., Rodig, S., Caron, T. J., Gattenloehner, S., Mallozzi, S. S., Roughan, J. E., Almendinger, S. E., Blewett, M. M., Brück, W., et al. (2009) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awp200 · Cited by 304 · cited 1×
“Only a minority of cells need be infected and express viral genes, which would serve to explain the inconsistent detection of EBV in MS brains (Willis et al., 2009) and CSF (Mancuso et al., 2010).”
Background

Show all 37 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 206

Neuroimaging Studies Illustrate the Commonalities Between Ageing and Brain Diseases
Cole, J. H. (2018) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201700221 · Cited by 18
Impaired Cerebral Perfusion in Multiple Sclerosis: Relevance of Endothelial Factors
Monti, L., Morbidelli, L., & Rossi, A. (2018) · Biomarker Insights · doi:10.1177/1177271918774800 · Cited by 20
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI and Its Applications in Various Central Nervous System Diseases
Kim, K. J., Park, M., Joo, B., Ahn, S. J., & Suh, S. H. (2022) · Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.13104/imri.2022.26.4.256 · Cited by 24
Endothelial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Is endothelial inflammation an overlooked druggable target?
Ritson, M., Wheeler-Jones, C. P. D., & Stolp, H. B. (2024) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578363 · Cited by 23
Patients who died with steatohepatitis or liver cirrhosis show neuroinflammation and neuronal loss in hippocampus
Leone, P., Arenas, Y. M., Balzano, T., Mincheva, G., Martínez-García, M., Montoliu, C., Llansola, M., & Felipo, V. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15935 · Cited by 19
“[36] analyzed the BBB permeability and indicated that it is linked to the presence of multiple sclerosis relapse activity.”
Background
Oligoclonal bands and periventricular lesions in multiple sclerosis will not increase blood-brain barrier permeability
Akaishi, T., Takahashi, T., & Nakashima, I. (2018) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2018.02.020 · Cited by 20
Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: A Focus on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Nwafor, D. C., Brichacek, A. L., Ali, A., & Brown, C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22105257 · Cited by 22
Genomic, proteomic, and systems biology approaches in biomarker discovery for multiple sclerosis
Huizar, C. C., Raphael, I., & Forsthuber, T. G. (2020) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104219 · Cited by 26
Permeability of the blood–brain barrier predicts no evidence of disease activity at 2 years after natalizumab or fingolimod treatment in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Cramer, S. P., Simonsen, H. J., Varatharaj, A., Galea, I., Frederiksen, J. L., & Larsson, H. B. W. (2018) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25219 · Cited by 21
“453 8mm(3)], field of view 5 2303 119mm(2)) with same orientation and slice thickness (8mm) as our DCE-MRI sequence, to manually draw ROIs in the periventricular NAWM, and in the normal-appearing thalamic gray matter in both hemispheres, avoiding inclusion of, or proximity to, any MS lesions or diffusely abnormal whit…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Role of Blood-Brain barrier in bacterial translocation
Aborode, A. T., Adesola, R. O., Scott, G. Y., Adepoju, V. A., Akan, O. D., Ogunyemi, A. D., Adetunji, A. P.-G., Arogundade, F. Q., Kwaku, S. D., Emmanuel, A. O., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.06.037 · Cited by 18
Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Neurovascular Coupling in Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review
Vestergaard, M. B., Frederiksen, J. L., Larsson, H. B. W., & Cramer, S. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.912828 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Disease-directed engineering for physiology-driven treatment interventions in neurological disorders
Wood, T. R., & Nance, E. A. (2019) · APL Bioengineering · doi:10.1063/1.5117299 · Cited by 21
Nonconventional MRI biomarkers for in vivo monitoring of pathogenesis in multiple sclerosis
Londoño, A. C., & Mora, C. A. (2014) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000045 · Cited by 16
“Also, it has been shown that immunomodulatory therapy has the ability to repair the dysfunction of the BBB in MS.(16) To our knowledge, evidence of BBB dysfunction in NABT other than the presence of contrastenhancing lesions has not been reported in CIS or RIS.”
BackgroundInfluential
Evidence of emerging BBB changes in mid‐age apolipoprotein E epsilon‐4 carriers
Alruwais, N. M., Rusted, J. M., Tabet, N., & Dowell, N. G. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2806 · Cited by 17
“The sample size was computed using nQuery power calculator (https://www.statsols.com/nquery) and was motivated by prior research (Cramer et al., 2014; Dowell et al., 2016; Montagne et al., 2016).”
Method
Heterogeneity of cellular inflammatory responses in ageing white matter and relationship to Alzheimer’s and small vessel disease pathologies
Waller, R., Narramore, R., Simpson, J. E., Heath, P. R., Verma, N., Tinsley, M., Barnes, J. R., Haris, H. T., Henderson, F. E., Matthews, F. E., et al. (2020) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12928 · Cited by 17
“This has been previously identified in the ageing white matter as evidenced by the accumulation of serum protein in CD astrocytes (21), but BBB disruption has also been identified in many other disorders including multiple sclerosis (55), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (56), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (57), Parki…”
Background
Oxidative Damage of Blood Platelets Correlates with the Degree of Psychophysical Disability in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Dziedzic, A., Morel, A., Miller, E. D., Bijak, M., Śliwiński, T., Synowiec, E., Ceremuga, M., & Saluk, J. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/2868014 · Cited by 16
“MS is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS, nonetheless, tightly related to the injury of blood vessels, mainly as a result of augmented permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [6, 7].”
Background
Neuroprotective natural products against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A review
Mohtashami, L., Shakeri, A., & Javadi, B. (2019) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104516 · Cited by 17
Metabolic encephalopathy secondary to diabetic ketoacidosis: a case report
Tomkins, M., McCormack, R. A., O'Connell, K., Agha, A., & Merwick, Á. (2019) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0398-8 · Cited by 15
Neuroproteomics and microRNAs studies in multiple sclerosis: transforming research and clinical knowledge in biomarker research
Fawaz, C. N., Makki, I., Kazan, J. M., Gebara, N. Y., Andary, F. S., Itani, M. M., El-Sayyed, M., Zeidan, A., Quartarone, A., Darwish, H., et al. (2015) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1586/14789450.2015.1099435 · Cited by 13
Reproducibility and Optimal Arterial Input Function Selection in Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced Perfusion MRI in the Healthy Brain
Cramer, S. P., Larsson, H. B. W., Knudsen, M. H., Simonsen, H. J., Vestergaard, M. B., & Lindberg, U. (2022) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.28380 · Cited by 13
“For each tissue type, the mean value was used to reduce noise (eg four regions of WM were drawn, of which the mean was used to represent WM), as previously described.(2,5) See Fig.”
MethodSelf-citation
Phantom Validation of Quantitative Susceptibility and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Permeability MR Sequences Across Instruments and Sites
Hobson, N., Polster, S., Cao, Y., Flemming, K. D., Shu, Y., Huston, J., Gerrard, C., Selwyn, R., Mabray, M., Zafar, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.26927 · Cited by 14
Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Zulfiqar, M., Qeadan, F., Ikram, A., Farooqui, M., Richardson, S., Calder, C. S., Quadri, S. A., Mathur, P., Ford, C., Gutierrez, S. O., et al. (2019) · Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.09.050 · Cited by 14
Characterization of blood–brain barrier integrity in a B-cell-dependent mouse model of multiple sclerosis
Bell, L., Koeniger, T., Tacke, S., & Küerten, S. (2019) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-019-01768-6 · Cited by 17
A multi-scale sub-voxel perfusion model to estimate diffusive capillary wall conductivity in multiple sclerosis lesions from perfusion MRI data
Koch, T., Flemisch, B., Helmig, R., Wiest, R., & Obrist, D. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1002/cnm.3298 · Cited by 14
“That this effect may indeed occur is suggested in several clinical studies.(8,73) However, this effect cannot be seen for the numerical experiment where σ is assumed 10 times higher (Figure 10, right).”
Background
Modeling compartmentalized chronic immune-mediated demyelinating CNS disease in the Biozzi ABH mouse
Nishri, Y., Fainstein, N., Goldfarb, S., Hampton, D., Macrini, C., Meinl, E., Chandran, S., & Ben-Hur, T. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577582 · Cited by 14
Quantification of Blood-Brain-Barrier Permeability Dysregulation and Inflammatory Activity in MS Lesions by Dynamic-Contrast Enhanced MR Imaging
Oghabian, M. A., Fatemidokht, A., & Harirchian, M. H. (2022) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2022.575.1 · Cited by 17
“They showed an increase in measured parameters, which had significant differences between NAWM and WM lesions in MS brains (Cramer et al., 2014; Taheri et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
7T dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI for the detection of subtle blood–brain barrier leakage
Canjels, L., Jansen, J., van den Kerkhof, M., Alers, R., Poser, B., Wiggins, C., Schiffer, V., van de Ven, V., Rouhl, R., Palm, W. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.12894 · Cited by 13
Blood-brain barrier breakdown in non-enhancing multiple sclerosis lesions detected by 7-Tesla MP2RAGE ΔT1 mapping
Choi, S., Spini, M., Hua, J., & Harrison, D. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249973 · Cited by 11
“In fact, prior DCE MRI studies suggest increased permeability in non-enhancing WMLs and NAWM in patients with MS [8].”
Background
Restoring brain barriers: an innovative approach for treating neurological disorders
Lemarchant, S., Engelhardt, B., Cicchetti, F., Bix, G. J., Janus, A., Godfrin, Y., Blasco, H., Campbell, M., & Jacquet, A. D. R. (2025) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-025-00688-z · Cited by 16
Blood-brain barrier permeability changes in the first year after alemtuzumab treatment predict 2-year outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Knudsen, M. H., Lindberg, U., Frederiksen, J. L., Vestergaard, M. B., Simonsen, H. J., Varatharaj, A., Galea, I., Blinkenberg, M., Sellebjerg, F. T., Larsson, H. B. W., et al. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103891 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Molecular and cellular characteristics of cerebrovascular cell types and their contribution to neurodegenerative diseases
García, F., & Heiman, M. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00799-z · Cited by 14
“Similar findings have been found within the substantia nigra of PD patients [137], caudate nucleus of HD patients [138], and white matter regions of MS patients [139].”
Disruption of blood-brain barrier and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition are attenuated by Astragalus polysaccharides mediated through upregulation of ETS1 expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Lu, Q., Ma, J., Zhao, Y., Ding, G., Wang, Y., Qiao, X., & Cheng, X. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117521 · Cited by 11
The ISMRM Open Science Initiative for Perfusion Imaging ( OSIPI ): Results from the OSIPI–Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced challenge
Shalom, E. S., Kim, H., van der Heijden, R. A., Ahmed, Z., Patel, R., Hormuth, D. A., DiCarlo, J. C., Yankeelov, T. E., Sisco, N. J., Dortch, R. D., et al. (2023) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.29909 · Cited by 14
“The K trans values in NAWM have been shown to be small but non-zero in several studies at high field strengths, 44–46 with a distinguishable difference in values also reported between some patient groups with healthy controls.”
Dilatation of the bridging cerebral veins in multiple sclerosis correlates with fatigue and suggests an increase in pressure.
Bateman, G., Bateman, A. R., & Lechner-Scott, J. (2023) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104843 · Cited by 11
Blood–brain barrier permeability of normal‐appearing white matter in patients with vestibular schwannoma: A new hybrid approach for analysis of T 1‐W DCE‐MRI
Li, K.-L., Zhu, X.-P., Zhao, S., & Jackson, A. (2017) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.25573 · Cited by 11
A peptide targeting inflammatory CNS lesions in the EAE rat model of multiple sclerosis
Boiziau, C., Nikolski, M., Mordelet, E., Aussudre, J., Vargas-Sanchez, K., & Petry, K. G. (2018) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-018-0748-0 · Cited by 10
The LEGATOS technique: A new tissue‐validated dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI method for whole‐brain, high‐spatial resolution parametric mapping
Li, K.-L., Lewis, D., Coope, D., Roncaroli, F., Agushi, E., Pathmanaban, O., King, A., Zhao, S., Jackson, A., Cootes, T., et al. (2021) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.28842 · Cited by 10
The development and impact of cladribine on lymphoid and myeloid cells in multiple sclerosis
Voo, V. T. F., Butzkueven, H., Stankovich, J. M., O'Brien, T. J., & Monif, M. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102962 · Cited by 11
The Relationship of the Mechanisms of the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and the Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses
Lezhnyova, V., Martynova, E. V., Khaiboullin, T. I., Urbanowicz, R. A., Khaiboullina, S. F., & Rizvanov, A. A. (2020) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology9120464 · Cited by 13
The features of cerebral permeability and perfusion detected by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with Patlak model in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Xiong, H., Yin, P., Li, X., Yang, C., Zhang, D., Huang, X., & Tang, Z. (2019) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s189598 · Cited by 10
“NE lesions and NAWM regions, which is consistent with previous study.(23) Cramer et al(4) found a slightly higher K”
Result
Chaos theory for clinical manifestations in multiple sclerosis
Akaishi, T., Takahashi, T., & Nakashima, I. (2018) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.04.004 · Cited by 14
Assessing Treatment Response Through Generalized Pharmacokinetic Modeling of DCE-MRI Data
Kontopodis, E., Kanli, G., Manikis, G. C., van Cauter, S., & Marias, K. (2015) · Cancer Informatics · doi:10.4137/cin.s19342 · Cited by 10
“This way, the tissue concentration is given by Equation (4):”
Method
Blood–brain barrier and brain structural changes in lung cancer patients with non-brain metastases
Zhang, D.-F., Ma, H., Yang, G.-J., Zhang, Z.-P., He, Y., Feng, M., Shan, B.-C., Xu, X.-F., Ding, Y.-Y., & Cheng, Y.-Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1015011 · Cited by 9
“This parameter has been confirmed to be increased in patients with BMs (44), multiple sclerosis (22), stroke (23), traumatic brain injury (20), and dementia (24).”
Background
Repeatability of dynamic contrast enhanced vp parameter in healthy subjects and patients with brain tumors
Artzi, M., Liberman, G., Blumenthal, D., Bokstein, F., Aizenstein, O., & Bashat, D. B. (2018) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-018-03006-w · Cited by 9
Unraveling multiple sclerosis: a hidden interaction between intestinal microbiota and host lipid metabolism
Cen, Q., Cui, Y., Jin, J., Feng, J., Xin, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, A. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2576657 · Cited by 8
More gain, less pain: How resistance training affects immune system functioning in multiple sclerosis patients: A review
Amin, N. S., & Tayebi, H. M. E. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.104401 · Cited by 9
Gadolinium leakage in ocular structures in optic neuritis.
Förster, A., Böhme, J., Groden, C., & Wenz, H. (2019) · Journal of clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2019.05.050 · Cited by 8
Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on brain histopathology of Caspian Sea Cyprinus carpio
Samiee, F., & Samiee, K. (2016) · Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3109/15368378.2016.1144064 · Cited by 7
Antibody against α-gliadin 33-mer peptide: Is the key initiating factor for development of multiple sclerosis during gluten sensitivity?
Mokarizadeh, A., Esmaeili, P., Soraya, H., Hassanzadeh, K., Jalili, A., Abdi, M., & Faryabi, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas · doi:10.1016/j.jmhi.2015.02.002 · Cited by 6
Blood-brain barrier at the interface of air pollution-associated neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation
Young, T. L., Zychowski, K. E., Denson, J. L., & Campen, M. J. (2018) · Advances in neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.010 · Cited by 11
Challenges and prospects in geriatric epilepsy treatment: the role of the blood–brain barrier in pharmacotherapy and drug delivery
Chen, X., Luo, J., Song, M., Pan, L., Qu, Z., Huang, B., Yu, S., & Shu, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1342366 · Cited by 5
Humanized Anti-RGMa Antibody Treatment Promotes Repair of Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Under Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice
Hirata, T., Itokazu, T., Sasaki, A., Sugihara, F., & Yamashita, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.870126 · Cited by 9
Multiple sclerosis and subclinical neuropathology in healthy individuals with familial risk: A scoping review of MRI studies
Mortazavi, M., Hizarci, Ö., Gerdes, L. A., Havla, J. B., Kümpfel, T., Hohlfeld, R., Stoecklein, S., Keeser, D., & Ertl-Wagner, B. B. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102734 · Cited by 10
Genetically Engineered Artificial Microvesicles Carrying Nerve Growth Factor Restrains the Progression of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in an Experimental Mouse Model
Alatrash, R., Golubenko, M., Martynova, E. V., Garanina, E. E., Mukhamedshina, Y. O., Khaiboullina, S. F., Rizvanov, A. A., Salafutdinov, I. I., & Arkhipova, S. S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098332 · Cited by 4
“This is also accompanied by the loss of terminal processes around small blood vessels and increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, leading to CNS inflammation and perivascular edema [61,62].”
Background
Temporal Huber Regularization for DCE-MRI
Hanhela, M., Kettunen, M., Gröhn, O., Vauhkonen, M., & Kolehmainen, V. (2020) · Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision · doi:10.1007/s10851-020-00985-2 · Cited by 5
Mixed-dimension models for flow and transport processes in porous media with embedded tubular network systems
Koch, T. (2020) · doi:10.18419/opus-10975 · Cited by 5
“That this effect may indeed occur, is suggested in several clinical studies (Ingrisch et al., 2012; Cramer et al., 2014).”
Background
Insights from DCE-MRI: blood–brain barrier permeability in the context of MS relapses and methylprednisolone treatment
Cramer, S., Hamrouni, N., Simonsen, H. J., Vestergaard, M., Varatharaj, A., Galea, I., Lindberg, U., Frederiksen, J., & Larsson, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1546236 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI shows altered blood–brain barrier function of deep gray matter structures in neuroborreliosis: a case–control study
Lindland, E. S., Solheim, A. M., Andreassen, S., Bugge, R., Eikeland, R., Reiso, H., Lorentzen, Å. R., Harbo, H. F., Beyer, M. K., & Bjørnerud, A. (2023) · European Radiology Experimental · doi:10.1186/s41747-023-00365-6 · Cited by 7
“Among reported findings are increased leakage in hippocampus associated with ageing and mild cognitive impairment [9], and in white matter and thalamus of patients with multiple sclerosis which was predicted by disease activity [7].”
BackgroundResult
Relevance of Pathogenetic Mechanisms to Clinical Effectiveness of B-Cell-Depleting Monoclonal Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis
Massacesi, L., Mariottini, A., & Nicoletti, F. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154288 · Cited by 4
“It may be tempting to speculate that such molecules can achieve their target within the leptomeningeal follicle-like structures where the BEE is dysfunctional, or that they might migrate to CNS parenchyma through the BBB in areas involved by smouldering inflammation, even in the absence of gadolinium leakage; indeed,…”
Background
MRI Perfusion Techniques
Emblem, K., Larsson, C., Groote, I., & Bjørnerud, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48419-4_11 · Cited by 4
Inflammation-Associated Mechanisms of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Depression Pathogenesis in People with and Without HIV
Hills, C., Hernandez, C. A., Gabbay, V., & Berman, J. W. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15050399 · Cited by 3
Multiple sclerosis: etiology in the context of neurovascular unit and immune system involvement and advancements with in vitro blood–brain barrier models
El-Taibany, A. A., Heydarian, P., Porada, D. A., Seeds, M. C., & Atala, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1595276 · Cited by 11
Treating acute ischemic stroke in a patient with multiple sclerosis: A challenging issue.
de Falco, A., Simone, M. D., D'Onofrio, F., Spitaleri, D., & de Falco, F. D. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.101962 · Cited by 3
Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to quell neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS): a new strategy for treating CNS disease with nanomedicines
Wang, S., Liu, M., Shi, X., Xiong, T., Li, R., Zheng, W., Huang, Q., Nan, Y., & Ai, K. (2026) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2026.05.020 · Cited by 2
Spatial memory in Alzheimer’s disease 5XFAD mice is enhanced by XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330
Wong, S., Ouellette, A., Harrison, L., McNamara, A. D., Tam, R. A., Alexandrov, A., Nawrocik-Madrid, A., Sanchez, J. J., Ginsburg, B. C., Andrade, A. A., et al. (2026) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-026-02122-0 · Cited by 2
“Some neurological pathologies such as schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis, as well as traumatic brain injury, have been shown to weaken the blood–brain barrier at the thalamus [30–32].”
Age-related decline in cerebral oxygen consumption in multiple sclerosis
Knudsen, M. H., Vestergaard, M., Lindberg, U., Simonsen, H. J., Frederiksen, J. L., Cramer, S., & Larsson, H. B. W. (2024) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x231224502 · Cited by 2
“67 Pericytes govern the integrity of the BBB and regulate perfusion at the capillary level.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Acute Ischemic Stroke in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis after Initiating Teriflunomide Treatment: A Challenging Case
Ketabforoush, A., Tajik, A., Habibi, M. A., & Khoshsirat, N. (2024) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100732 · Cited by 2
A Novel Multi-Model High Spatial Resolution Method for Analysis of DCE MRI Data: Insights from Vestibular Schwannoma Responses to Antiangiogenic Therapy in Type II Neurofibromatosis
Li, K.-L., Lewis, D., Zhu, X.-P., Coope, D., Djoukhadar, I., King, A. T., Cootes, T., & Jackson, A. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16091282 · Cited by 2
“In keeping with previous literature demonstrating higher blood volume, higher vascular surface area, and higher transfer constant estimates in grey compared to white matter [15,55,56], our study data demonstrated higher Ktrans estimates within NAGM compared to NAWM.”
Result
Sparse precontrast T1 mapping for high‐resolution whole‐brain DCE‐MRI
Zhu, Z.-B., Lebel, R., Bliesener, Y., Acharya, J., Frayne, R., & Nayak, K. (2021) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.28849 · Cited by 2
Improving acute demyelinating lesion detection: which T1-weighted magnetic resonance acquisition is more sensitive to gadolinium enhancement?
do Amaral, L. L. F., Fragoso, D. C., & da Rocha, A. J. (2019) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20190082 · Cited by 2
Cerebral blood flow as a mechanistic framework across neurological disease
Patel, S., Nischal, S. A., & Patel, N. K. (2026) · Discover Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s13064-026-00269-2 · Cited by 1
“Evidence suggests that hypoxic ischaemia, a key consequence of impaired CBF, can activate inflammatory cascades and promote generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damages the BBB and increases its permeability [110, 111].”
Simultaneous measurement of water transport across the blood–brain and blood–CSF barrier in the human brain with arterial spin labeling MRI
Petitclerc, L., Durrant, H., Hirschler, L., Václavů, L., & van Osch, M. V. (2026) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x261429042 · Cited by 1
Bloodstream infections and Blood-Brain barrier Permeability: An observational cohort study
Underwood, J., Davies, K., Loveless, S., Cercignani, M., Dowell, N. G., Periche-Tomas, E., Ronen, I., Evans, J., McLaren, J. E., & Harrison, N. A. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106518 · Cited by 1
“BBB dysfunction is found early in many neurodegenerative conditions such as AD and multiple sclerosis and can be assessed in vivo using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, DCE-MRI (Cramer et al., 2014; Varatharaj and Galea, 2017).”
Influential
Blood–brain barrier permeability in relation to disease severity and timing of multiple sclerosis diagnosis in optic neuritis
Passali, M., Knudsen, M. H., Josefsen, K. E., Antvorskov, J. C., Hindsholm, A. M., Lindberg, U., Frederiksen, J. L., Larsson, H. B. W., & Cramer, S. P. (2025) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/20552173251346979
Self-citation
Human B-cells can form Hetero-aggregates with Blood Platelets: A Novel Insight into Adaptive Immunity Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis
Maciak, K., Dziedzic, A., Szymański, J., Studzian, M., Redlicka, J., Miller, E. D., Michlewska, S., Jóźwiak, P., & Saluk, J. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168885 · Cited by 3
Model-free dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI analysis: differentiation between active tumor and necrotic tissue in patients with glioblastoma
Bressler, I., Bashat, D. B., Buchsweiler, Y., Aizenstein, O., Limon, D., Bokestein, F., Blumenthal, T., Nevo, U., & Artzi, M. (2022) · Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10334-022-01045-z · Cited by 1
Application of T1 Map Information Based on Synthetic MRI for Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging: A Comparison Study with the Fixed Baseline T1 Value Method
Shin, D. J., Choi, S.-H., Yoo, R.-E., Kang, K. M., Yun, T., Kim, J.-H., Sohn, C., Jo, S., & Lee, E. J. (2021) · Korean Journal of Radiology · doi:10.3348/kjr.2020.1201 · Cited by 1
“Some studies revealed that the permeability changes measured by DCE MRI in brain lesions without visible contrast enhancement, such as small vessel disease [32-34].”
Background
Delayed post contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients: Is it of value?
Emara, D. M., Abd, A. E. E., & Fatatry, A. M. E. (2018) · doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2017.12.006 · Cited by 1
Enhancing our understanding of white matter changes in early multiple sclerosis.
Naismith, R., & Cross, A. (2015) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awv196 · Cited by 1
“Previously, this same group has demonstrated by using DCE that patients with established relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis have higher BBB permeability than controls (Cramer et al., 2014).”
Background
[Contrast agents in MRI-diagnosis of multiple sclerosis].
Abakumova, T., Nukolova, N., Gusev, E., & Chekhonin, V. (2015) · Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · doi:10.17116/jnevro20151151158-65 · Cited by 1
“Кроме этого, при РС наблюдается повышенная проницаемость гематоэнцефалического барьера (ГЭБ), что также позволяет улучшить визуализацию на Т1-взвешенных томограммах с помощью не только низкомолекулярных, но и макромолекулярных КВ [60, 61].”
Deep learning for brain tumor segmentation and classification: A comprehensive review of evolution and state-of-the-art methods
Khalid, S., Abid, M., Bilal, H. M., Alharbi, S. S., & Aldawsari, M. (2026) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2026.100982
Autologous Hematopoietic Transplantation Reduces Brain Inflammatory and Axoglial Damage Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis
Cooney, L. A., Lim, N., Harris, K. M., Smilek, D. E., Bathala, P., Stengelin, M. K., Sigal, G. B., Wohlstadter, J. N., Cencioni, M. T., Fernández-Velasco, J. I., et al. (2026) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200653
p‐Brain: A Modular Open‐Source Framework for Automated Quantitative DCE‐MRI of Cerebral Perfusion, Microvasculature, and Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability
Tireli, E. D., Cramer, S., Lindberg, U., Tireli, D., Vestergaard, M., & Larsson, H. B. W. (2026) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.70554
Self-citation
Preserved neurovascular coupling in early multiple sclerosis is associated with reduced white matter lesion burden
Duque, C., Sargento‐Freitas, J., Balabanov, R. D., Cohen, B., & Sorond, F. A. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864261481753
Diffusion MRI reveals CNS microstructural alterations in DLBCL patients at risk of CNS relapse.
Nørskov, M. P., Cramer, E., Lindberg, U., Tireli, D., Hansen, A. E., Carlsen, J. F., Brown, P. D. N., Rinker, D. A., Bjørnerud, A., Larsson, H. B. W., et al. (2026) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2026.110783
Self-citation
Blood-brain barrier permeability in diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma: associations with established risk factors for CNS relapse
Nørskov, M. P., Cramer, E. P., Lindberg, U., Hansen, A. E., Carlsen, J. F., Brown, P. D. N., Larsson, H. B. W., Hutchings, M., & Cramer, S. P. (2026) · Tissue Barriers · doi:10.1080/21688370.2026.2696764
Self-citation
Unveiling the cognitive fog in lung cancer patients: non-invasive exploration of blood–brain barrier disruption and brain structural changes
Zhang, D.-F., Ma, H., Zhang, Z.-P., Ai, J., cao, W., & Li, Z.-H. (2026) · Annals medicus · doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2662776
“Cramer and Larsson’s study [22] pointed out that at low leakage rates, i.e. leakage rates below 0.3 ml/100g/min (approximately equal to 0.003 min −1 ), the Patlak model is recommended for analysis.”
Influential
Quantifying capillary transit time distribution: a novel tracer kinetic model accounting for leakiness, back diffusion, and perfusion in MRI and PET imaging—the outflow model
Larsson, H. B. W., Cramer, S., Tireli, E. D., Larsson, T. S. W., Lindberg, U., & Vestergaard, M. (2026) · EJNMMI Physics · doi:10.1186/s40658-026-00886-0
“The extraction fraction is estimated to around 0.04% and the corresponding K 1 to 0.02 ml/100 ml/ min, which is within the expected range, as seen in previous DCE studies [13, 14].”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Multiple Sclerosis: Disease Evolution or Treatment-Related Complication?: A Case Report
Semnic, I., Bonifačić, D., & Vuletić, V. (2026) · Brazilian Journal of Case Reports · doi:10.52600/2763-583x.bjcr.2026.6.1.bjcr170
“MS itself is associated with chronic neuroinflammation, BBB disruption, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which may predispose patients to cerebrovascular pathology [10,11].”
Quantitative Choroid Plexus Gadolinium Enhancement Is Related to Diffuse Brain Tissue Injury in Multiple Sclerosis
Senthil, S., Tagge, I., Fetco, D., Hsieh, C. H., Assemlal, H.-E., Karimaghaloo, Z., Fetco, E., Moore, G. R. W., Arnold, D. L., Rudko, D. A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.70132 · Cited by 4
p-Brain: An Automated MRI Pipeline for Cerebral Perfusion, Microvasculature, and Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability EstimationPreprint
Tireli, E. D., Cramer, S., Lindberg, U., Tireli, D., Vestergaard, M., & Larsson, H. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.15.705995
“Accurate quantification of BBB permeability can be used to study neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders (Cramer et al., 2014; Okuchi et al., 2019; Heye et al., 2014; Chagnot et al., 2021; Raja et al., 2018).”
Self-citation
Neurodegeneration and energy depletion in MS: Links between tissue integrity loss and microvascular changes in white matter disease
Sundvall, L., Mikkelsen, I. K., Hansen, B., Eskildsen, S. F., Hjørringgaard, M. M., Nygaard, M. K. E., Rasmussen, P. V., Petersen, T., & Østergaard, L. (2025) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2025.100309 · Cited by 1
“…damage (Witte et al., 2014; Chandler et al., 2023), oxidative stress (Trapp and Stys, 2009; Mahad et al., 2015; Haider et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2000), and endothelial dysfunction (Cashion et al., 2023; Cramer et al., 2014; Iadecola, 2017), contribute to both MS neurodegeneration and aging.”
The Effect of Gadolinium on Synthetic Magnetic Resonance Quantitative Imaging
Novakova, L., Rosenstein, I., Axelsson, M., & Ouellette, R. (2025) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.70104
Assessment and characterization of BBB permeability parameters in autoimmune encephalitis based on 99mTc-DTPA SPECT/CT
Li, J.-F., Xie, L.-J., Xiao, L., Lu, Y.-X., Qin, L.-P., Lin, H., Zha, Y.-M., Zhang, B.-J., Yang, J., Qiu, W., et al. (2025) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-025-04454-4
“Previous studies have indicated that the assessment of BBB permeability dysfunction serves as a hallmark of active lesions in multiple sclerosis, a classic autoimmune disease of the nervous system [22, 23].”
The Role of Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Active and Inactive Demyelinating Plaques in Multiple Sclerosis
Erol, S., & Cebeci, H. (2025) · Genel Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.54005/geneltip.1599021
Multiple sclerosis: what have we learned and can we still learn from electron microscopy
Oost, W., Meilof, J. F., & Baron, W. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05690-0 · Cited by 7
“Several MRI studies revealed abnormalities in NAGM and NAWM, with more extensive changes in NAWM [51, 52], including disruption of blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability [53, 54].”
A quantitative measure of choroid plexus contrast enhancement strongly relates to markers of diffuse brain tissue injury in multiple sclerosisPreprint
Senthil, S., Tagge, I., Fetco, D., Hsieh, C. H., Assemlal, H.-E., Karimaghaloo, Z., Fetco, E., Moore, G. R. W., Arnold, D. L., Rudko, D. A., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.25324694 · Cited by 2
“While immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) through disruptions in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a well-established feature of MS (1– 4), recent studies have implicated the choroid plexus (ChP) in MS pathogenesis (5–7).”
Preliminary Study on the Effect of Impaired Glucose Tolerance on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Non-Neurosyphilis Patients
Wang, F., Che, X., Yang, Q., Wang, R., Zeng, J., Chen, Y., Su, X., & Miao, J. (2022) · Neurology India · doi:10.4103/0028-3886.344667
Extended perfusion protocol for MS lesion quantification
Kontopodis, E., Kostas Marias, A., Manikis, G. C., Nikiforaki, K., Venianaki, M., Maris, T. G., Mastorodemos, V. C., Papadakis, G. Z., & Papadaki, E. Z. (2020) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2020-0100
Glial cell interactions in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury
Ramljak, M., Andrade, M. F., Lacoste, B., Aguilar‐Valles, A., & Salmaso, N. (2025) · Glial health research. · doi:10.1016/j.ghres.2025.100006

Authors: Cramer, S. P., Simonsen, H., Frederiksen, J. L., Rostrup, E., & Larsson, H. B. W.
Affiliations: University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author: Cramer, S.P.
ORCID: Cramer, S.P.
Frederiksen, J.L.
Rostrup, E.
Larsson, H.B.W.
Venue: NeuroImage: Clinical
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014
Volume: 4
Pages: 182-189
ISSN: 2213-1582 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.12.001
PMC: PMC3872721
OpenAlex: W2039561850
Cited by: 232
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 9
FWCI: 11.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-sa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: NeuroImage Clinical (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Biogen
Scleroseforeningen (14588)
Multiple Sclerosis Society (14588)
Region Hovedstaden
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Keywords: multiple sclerosis, blood-brain barrier permeability, normal-appearing white matter, periventricular white matter, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, MS relapse, immunomodulatory therapy, MS lesions, blood-brain barrier disruption
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood-Brain Barrier, Capillary Permeability, Contrast Media, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Severity of Illness Index, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Perfusion Imaging, White Matter

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Abnormal blood–brain barrier permeability in normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis investigated by MRI

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Figures

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks