Cited by 1,026Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorEmployee Performance and ManagementHuman Resource and Talent Management

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Applying the Job Demands-Resources model

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Schaufeli, Wilmar B.·2017·Organizational Dynamics

DOI 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.008

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Linking organizational resources and work engagement to employee performance and customer loyalty: the mediation of service climate.
Salanova, M., Agut, S., & Peiró, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1217 · Cited by 2,276
Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research.
Fisher, G. G., Matthews, R. A., & Gibbons, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039139 · Cited by 794
Burnout, engagement, coping and general health of service employees in the hospitality industry
Pienaar, J. W., & Willemse, S. A. (2008) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.01.006 · Cited by 225

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[1]1. The Job Demands-Resources Model The JD-R model, which originally only included burnout, was first published in: Demerouti E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The Job Demands--Resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
[2]2. A few year later, the extended JD-R model with engagement was published: Schaufeli, W.B. & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job demands, job resources and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Jour- nal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315. Both seminal papers haven been cited over 3500 times each (Google Scholar; May, 2016), which illustrates the popularity of the JD-R model among researchers. Still a few year later, personal resources were added to the model: Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 235-244. A conceptual overview can be found in: Bakker, A. & Demerouti, E. (2007), The Job Demands- Resources (JD-R) model: State of the art. Journal of Manage- rial Psychology, 22, 309-328. An overview of recent empiri- cal findings is presented in: Schaufeli, W.B. & Taris, T.W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. Bauer & O. Hämmig (Eds), Bridging occupational, organiza- tional and public health (pp. 43-68). Dordrecht: Springer. The most recent review is: Taris, T.W. & Schaufeli, W.B. (in press). The Job Demands-Resources model, its bases, appli- cations and range. In S. Clarke, T. Probst, F. Guldenmund and J. Passmore (Eds), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the psychology of occupational safety and workplace health. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Assessment (Energy Compass) Various questionnaires have been published to assess psy- chosocial work factors and employee well being, for instance: (1) the Questionnaire on the Experience and Eva- luation of Work (QEEW), Van Veldhoven, M., De Jonge, J., Broersen, S., Kompier, M., & Meijman, T. (2002). Specific relations between psychosocial job conditions and job- related stress: A three-level analytic approach. Work & Stress, 16, 207-228; (the Copenhagen Psychosocial Ques- tionnaire (COPSOC), Kristensen, T., Hannertz, H., Hogh, A., & Borg, V. (2005). The Copenhagen Psychosocial Question- naire (COPSOQ)--A tool for the assessment and improvement of the psychosocial work environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 31, 438-449; (3) the Nordic Questionnaire for Psychosocial and Social Factors at Work (QPS Nordic ), Elo, A. L., Skogstad, A., Dallner, M., Gamberale, F., Hottinen, V., & Knardahl, S. (2000). User's guide for the QPSNordic: General Nordic Questionnaire for psychological and social factors at work. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers; (4) the Health and Safety Executive's Management Standards Indicator Tool (HSE MSIT), Edwards, J.A. & Web- ster, S. (2012). Psychosocial risk assessment: measurement invariance of the UK Health and Safety Executive's Manage- ment Standards Indicator. Work & Stress, 26, 130-142.

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BackgroundInfluential
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Method
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“It incorporates and advances their core principles collectively, being applied to various organisational issues around strategy, programmes and policy, inspiring hundreds of empirical articles (Bakker and Demerouti, 2017; Schaufeli, 2017), including empirically with the IBT context (M€akel€a and Kinnunen, 2018) and as…”
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Engajamento no Trabalho: Características Psicométricas e Invariância Temporal do UWES
Porto-Martins, P. C., Machado, P. G. B., & Viacava, J. J. C. (2020) · Revista Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.15689/ap.2020.1903.15631.06 · Cited by 8
Double-Duty Caregiving, Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Work–Life Balance Among Italian Healthcare Workers: A Descriptive Study
Urban, A., Agus, M., Aru, N., Corona, F., Cantone, E., Cortese, C. G., & Nonnis, M. (2024) · doi:10.20944/preprints202411.0084.v1 · Cited by 8
Systematic review of servant leadership and burnout
Mahon, D. (2024) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-02-2024-0027 · Cited by 11
Revealing Indonesian healthcare workers’ burnout, work engagement, and job satisfaction during the covid-19 pandemic: the lens of the job demands-resources model
Herachwati, N., Haqq, Z. N., Choirunnisa, Z., Pramesti, G. A., & Rahmandika, H. P. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2371328 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, according to the JD-R model (schaufeli, 2017), the imbalance impaired hcWs’ psychological conditions, increasing burnout and decreasing work engagement, interfering with healthcare services for society in a crisis since hcWs play a significant role in the quality and effectiveness of…”
Good tools are essential to do the job: A study of impact of digital competencies on innovative work behavior of Chinese remote work employees
Liu, Z., Chen, X. J., & Ni, Y. (2024) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/02666669241264748 · Cited by 20
“Therefore, this study, based on the Job Demands-Resources theory (JD-R), proposes that work resources can enhance employee work motivation and have a positive effect (Schaufeli, 2017), in which work resources can be understood as digital work competencies.”
Impact of Flexible Work Arrangements on the Engagement Levels of Younger Employees
Ernst, P., & Weber, T. (2024) · Annals of Organizational Culture Leadership and External Engagement Journal · doi:10.51847/njhata39mx · Cited by 7
Effectiveness of fitness training and psychosocial education intervention programs in wildland firefighting: a cluster randomised control trial
Leduc, C., Giga, S. I., Fletcher, I. J., Young, M., & Dorman, S. C. (2022) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf21126 · Cited by 7
Everything, everywhere, all at once: A study of polychronicity, work-school facilitation, and emotional exhaustion in working students
Grogan, A., & Lilly, J. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.976874 · Cited by 10
“More specifically, resources can be considered as anything perceived by an individual to help attain their goal (Halbesleben et al., 2014), and can be classified as organizational or personal in nature (Schaufeli, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Challenge, threat, coping potential: How primary and secondary appraisals of job demands predict nurses' affective states during the COVID ‐19 pandemic
de Henestrosa, M. F., Sischka, P. E., & Steffgen, G. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1642 · Cited by 12
“According to this framework, member states are encouraged to follow psychosocial risk factors at work and to foster well- being (as in Schaufeli, 2017).”
Background
“What else is new?” identifying emerging psychosocial risk factors in hospitality employment
Gjerald, O., Furunes, T., & Mathisen, G. E. (2023) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-10-2022-0490 · Cited by 7
Funcionamiento psicológico adaptativo y burnout en docentes: implicaciones sobre los procesos instruccionales
Romero, V., Núñez, J. C., Freire, C., & Ferradás, M. D. M. (2023) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v15i1.15345 · Cited by 20
Line managers and extreme work: a case study of human resource management in the police service
Townsend, K., & Loudoun, R. J. (2023) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2023.2251875 · Cited by 11
“However, as explained by our overarching JD-R model, all occupations contain ‘bad things’ at work that deplete workers’ energy and ‘good things’ at work that assist them to manage work demands (Schaufeli, 2017, p. 121).”
Background
Factors Associated With Work Engagement of Nurses During the Fifth Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Muroi, K., Ishitsuka, M., Hachisuka, T., Shibata, I., Ikeda, T., Hori, D., Doki, S., Takahashi, T., Sasahara, S., & Matsuzaki, I. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/45830 · Cited by 9
“An important aspect of the JD-R model is that it posits that only ample job resources and not low job demands positively impact WE [16].”
Background
Primary care physicians’ work conditions and their confidence in managing multimorbidity: a quantitative analysis using Job Demands–Resources Model
Zhao, R., Zhang, J., Li, M., Loban, K., Nicholas, S., Martiland, E., & Wang, W. (2023) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmad099 · Cited by 7
University students’ burnout profiles and their relation to creativity and multilingualism
Владимировна, К. Е., Белова, С. С., & Kharkhurin, A. V. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103309 · Cited by 7
The impact of ICT on social workers' well-being: a mixed methods research
Khanchel, H., & Kadri, M. (2024) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-02-2023-0055 · Cited by 8
‘I Wouldn't Be Here Without Them’: An Explorative Study of Workplace Friendships and Well‐Being in Child and Family Social Workers
Bedford, A., & Murphy, C. (2024) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13257 · Cited by 7
“…(JD-R) model can help us understand how and why workplace friendships might fulfil an important role as a ‘job resource’—namely, This is because job resources include support from others (which helps to achieve work goals) and performance feedback (which may enhance learning) (Schaufeli 2017).”
The link between school leadership, staff job satisfaction and retention. Longitudinal evidence from England
Jerrim, J. (2025) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.4134 · Cited by 14
Proposing a Multiple Pathway Approach to Leading Innovation: Single and Dual Leader Approaches
Hunter, S. T., Allen, J. B., Heinen, R. L., & Cushenbery, L. D. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813238-8.00012-7 · Cited by 7
Mentoring as an Investment: A Quantitative Review of Mentoring and Well-Being for the Protégé
Mann, K. J., Roach, K. N., & O’Brien, K. E. (2022) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/08948453221104493 · Cited by 14
“…which is defined as an enduring state of psychological stress in the form of emotional exhaustion, mental distancing (i.e., lowered interest and trust in one’s work), and reduced personal efficacy (i.e., lowered perceptions regarding the quality and importance of one’s work; Schaufeli, 2017).”
Background
To Stay or Leave: A Career Dilemma Faced by Chinese College Counselors
Chen, J., & Muktar, S. N. (2022) · International Journal of Chinese Education · doi:10.1177/2212585x221138573 · Cited by 9
“The model was developed by Bakker and Demerouti to explain burnout at first and further enriched three times by adding three variables into it (Demerouti et al., 2001; Schaufeli, 2017; Xanthopoulou et al., 2009).”
Method
Psychometric properties of the Bern illegitimate tasks scale using classical test and item response theories
Basińska, B., & Dåderman, A. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34006-0 · Cited by 9
School Burnout and Mind Wandering among Adolescents: The Mediating Roles of Internet Addiction and the Moderating Role of Resilience
Wang, F. (2023) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2023.2209127 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, consistent with our findings, several research studies have highlighted the presence of risk factors leading to internet addiction among adolescents that result from the lack of social resources, which is manifested by poor social relationships, loneliness, insufficient social skills, and inadequate social s…”
Result
High commitment HRM and well-being of frontline food service employees: the mediating roles of job demands and psychological conditions
Hameli, K., & Bela, B. (2023) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/emjb-01-2023-0019 · Cited by 13
Adaptive capacity of midwives participating in pregnancy termination procedures: Polish experience
Banasiewicz, J., Zaręba, K. T., Rozenek, H., Ciebiera, M., Jakiel, G., Chylińska, J., & Owczarek, K. (2020) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102920973229 · Cited by 7
“The definition of the latter is: “job resources are aspects of the job that (. . .) are functional in achieving work goals, reduce job demands and the associated physiological and psychological costs, stimulate personal growth and development” (Schaufeli, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
What is specific about employment status, workplace experiences and requirements in individuals with autism in Germany?
Espelöer, J., Proft, J., Kemmer, P., Falter‐Wagner, C. M., & Vogeley, K. T. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2958 · Cited by 9
“It becomes apparent that the reduction of job demands (pronounced difficulties with social demands, need for reduced social and sensory stimulation, lack of financial security and job fit) does not automatically increase job engagement (Demerouti & Bakker, 2011; Schaufeli, 2017).”
Background
How Does Psychosocial Safety Climate Address Hotel employees’ Job Embeddedness and Organizational Commitment During Crisis?
Teng, C.-C. C., Chih, C., Liu, C.-H. S., & Ko, W. (2024) · Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/1528008x.2024.2302359 · Cited by 6
“The JD-R model has been identified as a suitable theoretical framework for the purpose of workplace monitoring, with the aim of enhancing employee commitment and mitigating turnover intention (Schaufeli, 2017).”
Influential
Work engagement and perceived job performance: does information communication technology orientation matter?
Bhat, S. A., Bashir, M., & Jan, H. (2024) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-07-2023-0245 · Cited by 16
Occupational Stressors and Flourishing among Roman Catholic Priests: The Eucharist as the “Source and Summit”
Upenieks, L. (2024) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1177/0034673x241255058 · Cited by 6
“Some research has focused on coping with occupational stress among clergy by using general or secular stress management tools, such as exercise, sleep, meditation, and via social support (Maslach and Leiter 2017; Schaufeli 2017).”
Linkage between role stress and work engagement among specialty nurses: a cross-sectional study of China
Zhang, P., Li, Y., Li, S., Li, L., Chang, S., Fang, Z., Liang, F., & Zhang, H. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079979 · Cited by 6
The impact of work values on the professional development of primary and secondary school teachers: a moderated mediation model
Feng, G., Shi, K., Huang, Q., & Ma, J. (2024) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310078 · Cited by 6
Beyond image: evaluating the perceived effectiveness of workplace mental health programs in the insurance sector
Barbosa, I., & de Oliveira, E. R. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21302-9 · Cited by 14
Job Demands-Resources Profiles and Work Capabilities: Effects on Early Childhood Development Practitioners’ Functioning
Ragadu, S. C., & Rothmann, S. (2025) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-025-01902-1 · Cited by 8
“Ample resources ignite motivation and, through work engagement, lead to outstanding performance and organizational commitment (Schaufeli, 2017).”
Understanding Burnout in School Nurses: The Role of Job Demands, Resources, and Positive Psychological Capital
Shin, J. I., Lee, S. E., & Morse, B. L. (2025) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/10598405251342532 · Cited by 6
“Beyond external job resources, personal resources can also play a protective role (Galanakis & Tsitouri, 2022; Schaufeli, 2017).”
Feeling Drained at Work? The Effects of Workplace Incivility Among Frontline Restaurant Employees
Choi, J., Choi, H.-Y., & Wong, K. (2025) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/19389655251363935 · Cited by 6
“Burnout is defined by Schaufeli (2017) as “a chronic state of work-related psychological stress that is characterized by exhaustion, mental distancing, and reduced personal efficacy.””
Transforming work in the digital era: AI-enhanced leadership and its effect on IT professional burnout
Jia, J., Zhang, Y., Bakar, L. J. A., & Ilyas, M. A. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105537 · Cited by 16
Workplace demands, resources, and well‐being among police staff working in forensic services
Keech, J. J., & Drew, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.70179 · Cited by 6
“The job demands–resources model adapted for the current context based on Schaufeli [ 21 ].”
Bidirectional relationship between burnout and perceived work ability: Evidence from a two‐wave study among teachers
Hlaďo, P., Lintner, T., Juhaňák, L., & Harvánková, K. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70075 · Cited by 8
Why was inquiry practice not there? Analysis of demand-resource empirics of classroom pedagogy
Boadu, G. (2022) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2022.2066631 · Cited by 8
“However, the result does not support the view that high job demands can stimulate task accomplishment and that job challenges need not be reduced as they furnish employee motivation (Schaufeli, 2017; Van den Broeck et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Organisational support and teachers’ performance: The moderating role of job crafting
Toit, A. D., Redelinghuys, K., & van der Vaart, L. (2022) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v48i0.2004 · Cited by 6
Clergy and Compassionate Leadership: A Tightrope of Fatigue and Satisfaction During COVID-19
Sedivy-Benton, A. L., & Girdley, A. P. (2023) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/00916471231182735 · Cited by 9
“Studies on job demands have frequently found that the most taxing requirements include workload, emotional labor, and organizational change (Schaufeli, 2017), all of which underlay the pandemic-related tasks the clergy faced: Hypothesis 1: COVID-related clergy job tasks will predict BO, STS, and CS.”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Schaufeli, W. B.
Corresponding author: Schaufeli, Wilmar B.
ORCID: Schaufeli, Wilmar B.
Venue: Organizational Dynamics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-04
Volume: 46
Issue: 2
Pages: 120-132
ISSN: 0090-2616 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.008
OpenAlex: W2619380358
Cited by: 1,026
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 201 · 2025: 188 · 2024: 178 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 57.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Dynamics (publishedVersion)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Research Fund KU Leuven
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Management
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Human Resource and Talent Management
Keywords: job demands-resources model, job demands, job resources, employee well-being, occupational stress, work engagement

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