Cited by 391Misinformation and Its ImpactsClimate Change Communication and PerceptionParanormal Experiences and Beliefs

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The conspiracy-effect: Exposure to conspiracy theories (about global warming) decreases pro-social behavior and science acceptance

van der Linden, Sander·2015·Personality and Individual Differences

DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.045

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Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?
Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393980 · Cited by 9,996
Conducting behavioral research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk
Mason, W., & Suri, S. (2012) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0124-6 · Cited by 3,172
Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature
Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R., Way, R. G., Jacobs, P., & Skuce, A. G. (2013) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024 · Cited by 1,518
The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions
Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089177 · Cited by 1,232 · cited 2×
“For example, recent research has shown that reading information about specific conspiracy theories can decrease people's intention to vote and vaccinate (Jolley & Douglas, 2014).”
Result
Belief in conspiracy theories
Goertzel, T. (1994) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791630 · Cited by 1,094 · cited 1×
“For example, a number of recent studies have revealed that belief in one conspiracy is highly predictive of belief in other conspiracies (Goertzel, 1994; Swami et al., 2011).”
Result
Conspiracy theories: Causes and cures
Sunstein, C. R., & Vermeule, A. (2009) · Journal of Political Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x · Cited by 1,050 · cited 1×
“Indeed , while some conspiracy theories are merely false, others are based on beliefs that are not only false but also harmful (Maibach, 2012; Sunstein & Vermeule, 2009).”
Background
The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science
Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., & Oberauer, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075637 · Cited by 693
Conspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style(s) of Mass Opinion
Oliver, J., & Wood, T. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12084 · Cited by 689
The scientific consensus on climate change as a gateway belief: experimental evidence
van der Linden, S. L., Leiserowitz, A. A., Feinberg, G. D., & Maibach, E. W. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118489 · Cited by 661
Dead and Alive: Beliefs in Contradictory Conspiracy Theories
Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611434786 · Cited by 660

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Acceptance and Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Measures are Shaped Predominantly by Conspiracy Beliefs, Mistrust in Science and Fear – A Comparison of More than 20 Psychological Variables
Hartmann, M., & Müller, P. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211073656 · Cited by 46
“…are not grounded in evidence, such as telepathy or the efficiency of some alternative treatments) (e.g., Darwin et al., 2011; Drinkwater et al., 2012; Hartman et al., 2017; Lewandowsky et al., 2013; Lobato et al., 2014; Lobato & Zimmerman, 2019; Ståhl & van Prooijen, 2018; van der Linden, 2015).”
Background
The importance of assessing and communicating scientific consensus
Maibach, E. W., & van der Linden, S. (2016) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/091003 · Cited by 41
“…although Shearer et al (2016) state that; ‘our goal is not to sway those already convinced that there is a secret, large-scale spraying program’ (p.1), the propagation of conspiracy theories of this kind do in fact undermine the public’s perception of a scientific consensus (van der Linden 2015).”
Background
Conspiracy theories and climate change: A systematic review
Tam, K., & Chan, H. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102129 · Cited by 59
Injustice Without Evidence: The Unique Role of Conspiracy Theories in Social Justice Research
van Prooijen, J. (2021) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-021-00376-x · Cited by 48
“People who believe that climate change is a hoax—fabricated by scientists to acquire research funding— are unlikely to support policy to reduce global warming, or to reduce their own 101 1 3 Social Justice Research (2022) 35:88–106 carbon footprints (Van der Linden, 2015).”
Background
The History of Conspiracy Theory Research
Bütter, M., & Knight, P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0002 · Cited by 47
The Effects of the “War on Science” Frame on Scientists’ Credibility
Hardy, B. W., Tallapragada, M., Besley, J. C., & Yuan, S. (2019) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547018822081 · Cited by 40
Linking Human Destruction of Nature to COVID-19 Increases Support for Wildlife Conservation Policies
Shreedhar, G., & Mourato, S. (2020) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00444-x · Cited by 39
Flat-Smacked! Converting to Flat Eartherism
Olshansky, A., Peaslee, R. M., & Landrum, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Media and Religion · doi:10.1080/15348423.2020.1774257 · Cited by 43
“…Earth movement can have critical societal implications because of the potential ensuing attitudinal and behavioral consequences such as a distrust of science (Van der Linden, 2015), distrust of governments and institutions (Einstein & Glick, 2015), and a reluctance to vote (Jolley & Douglas, 2014).”
Background
Willingness to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2: The role of reasoning biases and conspiracist ideation
Bronstein, M. V., Kummerfeld, E., MacDonald, A. W., & Vinogradov, S. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.079 · Cited by 41
Understanding and Countering Misinformation About Climate Change
Cook, J. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch081 · Cited by 40
Normativity in studying conspiracy theory belief: Seven guidelines
Peels, R., Kindermann, N., & Ranalli, C. (2023) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2023.2191644 · Cited by 37
Empowerment as a Tool to Reduce Belief in Conspiracy Theories
van Prooijen, J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0030 · Cited by 37
How conspiracy theories can stimulate political engagement
Kim, Y. (2019) · Journal of Elections, Public Opinion, and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2019.1651321 · Cited by 32
“Christie and Van Velzer (2016); Vicens (2016). (5)Edwards (2016).”
Background
Predictors of Pro-environmental Beliefs, Behaviors, and Policy Support among Climate Change Skeptics
Haltinner, K., & Sarathchandra, D. (2021) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/23294965211001403 · Cited by 37
“Additional scholars suggest that exposure to conspiracy theories reduces one’s pro-social and environmental engagement (van der Linden 2015).”
Background
Just Dead, Not Alive: Reconsidering Belief in Contradictory Conspiracy Theories
van Prooijen, J., Wahring, I. V., Mausolf, L., Mulas, N., & Shwan, S. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231158570 · Cited by 36
“Moreover, most conspiracy theories do more harm than good for society (e.g., Douglas et al., 2019; Jolley & Douglas, 2014; Jolley et al., 2019; van der Linden, 2015; van Prooijen et al., 2022).”
Background
Conspiracy Theories and Philosophy
Dentith, M. R. X. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0006 · Cited by 38
Threats to Science: Politicization, Misinformation, and Inequalities
Druckman, J. N. (2022) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162221095431 · Cited by 44
Conspiracy Rumor Psychology
DiFonzo, N. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0017 · Cited by 34
Natural Stings: Selling Distrust About Vaccines on Brazilian YouTube
Machado, D. F. T., de Siqueira, A. F., & Gitahy, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2020.577941 · Cited by 41
The impact of social desirability bias on conspiracy belief measurement across cultures
Smallpage, S., Enders, A., Drochon, H., & Uscinski, J. E. (2022) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2022.1 · Cited by 28
Caught in a networked collusion? Homogeneity in conspiracy-related discussion networks on YouTube
Röchert, D., Neubaum, G., Roß, B., & Stieglitz, S. (2021) · Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.is.2021.101866 · Cited by 38
“The dissemination of conspiracy beliefs poses a hazard to individuals and societies, since exposure to material promoting conspiracy ideation decreases recipients’ intentions to engage in politics [6] and pro-social activities [7].”
Background
Fact-Checking Climate Change: An Analysis of Claims and Verification Practices by Fact-Checkers in Four Countries
Vu, H. T., Baines, A. F., & Nguyen, N. H. T. (2022) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990221138058 · Cited by 35
“…there is evidence that the presence of misinformation can cause people to stop believing in facts altogether (Lewandowsky et al., 2013). van der Linden (2015) found that exposure to misinformation on global warming reduces people’s prosocial intentions (e.g., signing an online petition…”
Background
Conspiratorial Thinking and Dueling Fact Perceptions
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0014 · Cited by 32
LOCO: The 88-million-word language of conspiracy corpus
Miani, A., Hills, T. T., & Bangerter, A. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01698-z · Cited by 36
“Belief in CTs is linked to rejection of official information and science (Raab, Auer, et al., 2013a; Raab, Ortlieb, et al., 2013b; van der Linden, 2015), decreased intentions to adopt vaccines (Jolley & Douglas, 2014b; Lazarus et al., 2020; Salmon et al., 2005), resistance to COVID-19 containment…”
Background
Trump and Trust: Examining the Relationship between Claims of Fraud and Citizen Attitudes
Justwan, F., & Williamson, R. D. (2022) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096522000221 · Cited by 35
Investigating the role of source and source trust in prebunks and debunks of misinformation in online experiments across four EU countries
Bruns, H., Dessart, F. J., Krawczyk, M. W., Lewandowsky, S., Pantazi, M., Pennycook, G., Schmid, P., & Smillie, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71599-6 · Cited by 34
Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs and distrust of science predict risky public health behaviours through optimistically biased risk perceptions in Ukraine, Turkey, and Germany
Chayinska, M., Uluğ, Ö. M., Ayanian, A. H., Gratzel, J. C., Brik, T., Kende, A., & McGarty, C. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220978278 · Cited by 34
“Further, consistent with our prediction, conspiracy beliefs were found to be highly negatively correlated with trust in science (e.g., Lewandowsky et al., 2013; van der Linden, 2015) and negatively indirectly associated with preventive physical distancing in all the study contexts.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Conspiracy Theory Phobia
Räikkä, J., & Basham, L. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0011 · Cited by 32
The effect of seeing scientists as intellectually humble on trust in scientists and their research
Koetke, J., Schumann, K., Bowes, S. M., & Vaupotič, N. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-02060-x · Cited by 30
“Other belief systems and worldviews, including conspiracy beliefs, can also give rise to lower trust in science and advance suspicions that scientists do not have the public’s best interests at heart or are lying to the public 20–22 .”
Does belief in climate change conspiracy theories predict everyday life pro-environmental behaviors? Testing the longitudinal relationship in China and the U.S.
Chan, H., Tam, K., & Hong, Y. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101980 · Cited by 29
Conspiracy Theories in Post-Soviet Russia
Yablokov, I. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0024 · Cited by 33
Polls, Plots, and Party Politics
Enders, A. M., & Smallpage, S. M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0020 · Cited by 28
Down the Rabbit Hole We Go!
(2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0001 · Cited by 29
The Far-Right Smokescreen: Environmental Conspiracy and Culture Wars on Brazilian YouTube
Salles, D., de Medeiros, P. M., Santini, R. M., & Barros, C. E. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231196876 · Cited by 35
“Research has shown that exposure to environmental conspiracy theories decreases people’s intentions to engage in politics or to reduce their carbon footprint (Jolley & Douglas, 2014) and also decreases pro-social and environmental behaviors and science acceptance (van der Linden, 2015).”
Background
Associations between conspiracism and the rejection of scientific innovations
Marques, M. D., Kerr, J. R., Williams, M. N., Ling, M., & McLennan, J. (2021) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/09636625211007013 · Cited by 27
“…in countries such as New Zealand (Lee and Sibley, 2020), violent actions in the wake of debunked theories linking the spread of COVID-19 with the advent of 5G (Meese et al., 2020), and have harmful consequences for social and political action related to climate change (e.g. van der Linden, 2015).”
Background
Effects of Conspiracy Rhetoric on Views About the Consequences of Climate Change and Support for Direct Carbon Capture
Bolsen, T., Palm, R. I., & Kingsland, J. T. (2021) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2021.1991967 · Cited by 27
“Taken together, the results lend support to the GBM’s general framework (Lewandowsky et al., 2013; van der Linden, 2015): communicating a novel form of a consensus scientific message about climate change can be impactful on traditionally skeptical audiences and counteract the climate conspiracy…”
BackgroundResult
Who falls for fake news? Psychological and clinical profiling evidence of fake news consumers
Escolà‐Gascón, Á., Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Drinkwater, K. G., & Bosch, M. D. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111893 · Cited by 34
“Moreover, a conspiratorial idea can express itself in the form of fake news if it becomes a publicly disseminated piece of information (e.g., denial of climate change) (e.g., van der Linden, 2015).”
The Collective Conspiracy Mentality in Poland
Soral, W., Cichocka, A. K., Bilewicz, M., & Marchlewska, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0025 · Cited by 30
The stock market is rigged? Conspiracy beliefs and distrust predict lower stock market participation
Fiagbenu, M. E. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3981 · Cited by 27
Loneliness trajectories over three decades are associated with conspiracist worldviews in midlife
Bierwiaczonek, K., Fluit, S., von Soest, T., Hornsey, M. J., & Kunst, J. R. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47113-x · Cited by 26
“They lie atthe core of political and social polarization 5,6 , fueling vaccine skepticism 7 , climate change skepticism 8,9 , and anti-science movements such as the ﬂ at earthers 10,11 .”
Toward Mitigating Misinformation and Social Media Manipulation in LLM Era
Zhang, Y., Sharma, K., Du, L., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024 · doi:10.1145/3589335.3641256 · Cited by 25
The vicious cycle of violent intergroup conflicts and conspiracy theories
Hebel‐Sela, S., Hameiri, B., & Halperin, E. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101422 · Cited by 25
Characterizing Online Engagement with Disinformation and Conspiracies in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election
Sharma, K., Ferrara, E., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19345 · Cited by 33
How to “inoculate” against multimodal misinformation: A conceptual replication of Roozenbeek and van der Linden (2020)
Neylan, J., Biddlestone, M., Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43885-2 · Cited by 33
Health Communication and Behavioral Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Albarracín, D., Oyserman, D., & Schwarz, N. (2024) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231215272 · Cited by 25
Responding to Climate Change Skepticism and the Ideological Divide
Lasoff-Santos, J., & Feygina, I. (2017) · Michigan Journal of Sustainability · doi:10.3998/mjs.12333712.0005.102 · Cited by 26
More Evidence of Psychological Reactance to Consensus Messaging: A Response to van der Linden, Maibach, and Leiserowitz (2019)
Dixon, G., Hmielowski, J. D., & Ma, Y. (2019) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2019.1671472 · Cited by 26
“…change communication, providing researchers and practitioners important insight on the best practices in communicating this topic to diverse audiences (see Leiserowitz, 2006; Maibach, RoserRenouf, & Leiserowitz, 2008; van der Linden, 2015a; van der Linden, Leiserowitz, Feinberg, & Maibach, 2015).”
BackgroundMethod
Skepticism, cynicism, and cognitive style predictors of the generality of unsubstantiated belief
Bensley, D. A., Watkins, C., Lilienfeld, S. O., Masciocchi, C. M., Murtagh, M. P., & Rowan, K. A. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3900 · Cited by 26
Does Belief in Conspiracy Theories Affect Interpersonal Relationships?
Toribio‐Flórez, D., Green, R., Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2023) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2023.8 · Cited by 24
“Interestingly, these negative consequences on interpersonal trust and cooperation have already been observed to be associated with belief in conspiracy theories (e.g., Alper et al., 2021; Meuer & Imhoff, 2021; Moon & Travaglino, 2021; van der Linden, 2015).”
Background
Repetition could increase the perceived truth of conspiracy theories
Béna, J., Rihet, M., Carreras, O., & Terrier, P. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02276-4 · Cited by 32
“Research also investigated the consequences of exposure to conspiracy theories on behavior, behavioral intentions, and prejudice (Jolley & Douglas, 2014a, 2014b; Jolley, Meleady, & Douglas, 2020a; van der Linden, 2015; for a review, see Jolley, Mari, & Douglas, 2020b).”
“Click First!”: The Effects of Instant Activism Via a Hoax on Social Media
Park, K., & Rim, H. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120904706 · Cited by 24
Comment on ‘Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature’
Tol, R. S. J. (2016) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048001 · Cited by 28
“While several studies show that people respond to cues about the scientific consensus (Guy et al 2014, Myers et al 2015, Van der Linden 2015, van der Linden et al 2014, 2015), other studies show that this effect is dominated in the long run by other factors (Bliuc et al 2015, Campbell andKay 2014,…”
Background
Psychological, Social, and Cultural Barriers to Public Engagement With Climate Change
Geiger, N., Middlewood, B., & Swim, J. K. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.377 · Cited by 24
An Examination of Expertise, Caring and Salient Value Similarity as Source Factors that Garner Support for Advocated Climate Policies
Geiger, N., Sarge, M. A., & Comfort, R. N. (2022) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2022.2080242 · Cited by 26
“…could be particularly effective for climate policy advocacy given that the ascription of ulterior motives to the communicator and conspiratorial thinking are two robust predictors of anti-climate attitudes and climate denial (Hoffarth & Hodson, 2016; Lewandowsky et al., 2015; van der Linden, 2015).”
Background
How Conspiracy Theories Spread
DeWitt, D., Atkinson, M., & Wegner, D. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0021 · Cited by 24
Religious and conspiracist? An analysis of the relationship between the dimensions of individual religiosity and belief in a big pharma conspiracy theory
Ladini, R. (2021) · Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica · doi:10.1017/ipo.2021.15 · Cited by 22
“…not used to belong to the same community (Wood and Douglas, 2018), and they are also less prone to pro-social behaviour than non-believers (van der Linden, 2015).3 However, the relationship between religion and conspiracy theories has remained under-investigated in the empirical research by now,…”
BackgroundInfluential
How exposure to real conspiracy theories motivates collective action and political engagement? Τhe moderating role of primed victimhood and underlying emotional mechanisms in the case of 2018 bushfire in Attica
Gkinopoulos, T., & Mari, S. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12923 · Cited by 23
What We Mean When We Say “Conspiracy Theory”
Walker, J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0003 · Cited by 23
Conspiracy Theories and Religion
Robertson, D. G. C., & Dyrendal, A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0028 · Cited by 21
Hyperrationality and Rhetorical Constellations in Digital Climate Change Denial: A Multi-Methodological Analysis of the Discourse of Watts up with That
Tillery, D., & Bloomfield, E. F. (2021) · Technical Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10572252.2021.2019317 · Cited by 21
“Linking ideologies to conspiracy, van der Linden (2015) summarized previous research that conservatives are more likely to hold “conspiratorial views about global warming” (p. 173).”
Background
Coping styles mediating the relationship between perceived chronic stress and conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19
Pfeffer, B., Goreis, A., Reichmann, A., Bauda, I., Klinger, D., Bock, M. M., Plener, P. L., & Kothgassner, O. D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03625-7 · Cited by 21
“This might be especially important as being exposed to conspiracy beliefs has been shown to decrease the confidence in scientific consensus (van der Linden, 2015) which can be problematic when it comes to health measures based on scientific findings on disease transmission and prevention.”
Cable News Use and Conspiracy Theories: Exploring Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC Effects on People’s Conspiracy Mentality
de Zúñiga, H. G., Scheffauer, R., & Zhang, B.-B. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990231171929 · Cited by 23
“Conspiracy theories about global warming also hindered the environmental protection movement and decreased general beliefs about science (Van der Linden, 2015).”
Conspiracy beliefs of Italian voters for populist parties: The moderated mediational role of political interest and ideological attitudes
Salvati, M., Giacomantonio, M., Pellegrini, V., Cristofaro, V. D., & Leone, L. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103508 · Cited by 28
Morality in the echo chamber: The relationship between belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and public health support and the mediating role of moral identity and morality-as-cooperation across 67 countries
Gkinopoulos, T., Elbæk, C. T., & Mitkidis, P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273172 · Cited by 16
“Policy-making programs that aim to reduce the consistently negative impact of conspiracy beliefs on societal factors [45] such as adopting health-related behaviors and complying with policy measures could take into account that beliefs in conspiracy explanations of the origin and nature of the virus do not simply cons…”
Background
Engaging with conspiracy theories: Causes and consequences
Sassenberg, K., Bertin, P., Douglas, K. M., & Hornsey, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104425 · Cited by 20
Scientific reasoning is associated with rejection of unfounded health beliefs and adherence to evidence-based regulations during the Covid-19 pandemic
Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Mikušková, E. B. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04284-y · Cited by 19
Conspiracy Theory Psychology
Wood, M. J., & Douglas, K. M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0016 · Cited by 22
Harming and Shaming through Naming: Examining Why Calling the Coronavirus the “COVID-19 Virus,” Not the “Chinese Virus,” Matters
Holt, L. F., Kjærvik, S. L., & Bushman, B. J. (2022) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2022.2034021 · Cited by 19
“Exposure to information stating that global warming is a hoax, for example, has been found to decrease individuals’ willingness to engage in behaviors that will reduce their carbon footprint (Jolley & Douglas, 2014; van der Linden, 2015).”
Background
“These Are Just Stories, Mulder”: Exposure to Conspiracist Fiction Does Not Produce Narrative Persuasion
Nera, K., Pantazi, M., & Klein, O. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00684 · Cited by 20
“Other studies demonstrated that mere exposure to CTs tends to increase their endorsement (Douglas and Sutton, 2008; Jolley and Douglas, 2014; van der Linden, 2015).”
Result
Institutional trust and prosocial behavior in China: an experimental approach
Xu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2022.2050881 · Cited by 20
“On the contrary, institutional distrust was associated with reduced prosocial behavior and increased antisocial behavior (Van der Linden, 2015; Van Prooijen et al., 2021).”
Background
Combatting Climate Disinformation: Comparing the Effectiveness of Correction Placement and Type
Christner, C., Merz, P., Barkela, B., Jungkunst, H. F., & von Sikorski, C. (2024) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2024.2316757 · Cited by 19
“Furthermore, exposure to climate change conspiracy theories reduces people ’ s intention to reduce their carbon footprint (Douglas & Sutton, 2015; Jolley & Douglas, 2014; van der Linden, 2015).”
Correlates of climate change skepticism
Leka, J., & Furnham, A. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1328307 · Cited by 17
“…from many different disciplines (Leiserowitz, 2006; Egan and Mullin, 2012; Goeminne, 2012; Leiserowitz et al., 2013; Bolsen et al., 2015; van der Linden, 2015; Dunlap et al., 2016; Pepermans and Maeseele, 2016; Carmichael and Brulle, 2017; Lahn and Sundqvist, 2017; Saunders, 2017;…”
Background
Ten considerations for conservation policy makers for the post-COVID-19 transition
Cooke, S. J., Soroye, P., Brooks, J. L., Clarke, J., Jeanson, A. L., Berberi, A., Piczak, M. L., Reid, C. H., Desforges, J. E., Guay, J. D., et al. (2021) · Environmental Reviews · doi:10.1139/er-2021-0014 · Cited by 17
Belief Inconsistency in Conspiracy Theorists
Irwin, H. J., Dagnall, N., & Drinkwater, K. G. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychology · doi:10.2466/17.cp.4.19 · Cited by 21
The Politics of Disruption
Atkinson, M., & DeWitt, D. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0008 · Cited by 17
Conspiracy Theory
McKenzie-McHarg, A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0004 · Cited by 18
Limited not lazy: a quasi-experimental secondary analysis of evidence quality evaluations by those who hold implausible beliefs
Martire, K. A., Growns, B., Bali, A. S., Montgomery-Farrer, B., Summersby, S., & Younan, M. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00264-z · Cited by 17
“Two of the three implausible claims included in the battery were based on items used in past research: Vaccines are harmful, and this fact is covered up (Jolley and Douglas 2014), and Global warming is a hoax (van der Linden 2015).”
Method
Media Marginalization of Racial Minorities
Orr, M., & Husting, G. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0005 · Cited by 16
Microbes Go to School: Using Microbiology and Service-Learning to Increase Science Awareness and Fostering the Relationship Between Universities and the General Public
Fatton, M., Schneiter, A., Allisiardi, M., Hänni, L., Hauser, G., Gonçalves-Fernandes, Y., Pessina, A., Pijnenburg, M.-L., Vaudroz, C., Bshary, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.735297 · Cited by 14
“Another emerging aspect of this barrier between academia and society is science skepticism and the rise of varied conspiracy theories (Van Der Linden, 2015).”
Background
Онлайн-дейтинг: рынок или базар? Процесс поиска брачной пары на православном сайте знакомств
Galitsina, K., Kalinovskaya, P., & Khvorostianova, O. (2022) · Journal of Economic Sociology · doi:10.17323/1726-3247-2022-2-65-90 · Cited by 16
On the Democratic Problem of Conspiracy Politics
Moore, A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0007 · Cited by 14
Beliefs in conspiracy theories (CT): the role of country context
Schlipphak, B., Bollwerk, M., & Back, M. (2021) · Political Research Exchange · doi:10.1080/2474736x.2021.1949358 · Cited by 15
“…in narratives about a secret group of malevolent actors that pursues a hidden plot with the intent to secure or strengthen its own power (see for similar definitions, Uscinski and Parent 2014 or van der Linden 2015), – among others, by hurting or even destroying the in-group of the believer.”
Background
Thinking false and slow: Implausible beliefs and the Cognitive Reflection Test
Martire, K. A., Robson, S. G., Drew, M., Nicholls, K., & Faasse, K. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02321-2 · Cited by 18
“These beliefs can have potentially dire consequences when they relate to critical issues (Dyer & Hall, 2019; Lewandowsky, 2021; Lobato et al., 2014; van der Linden, 2015).”
Background
Do voting and election outcomes predict changes in conspiracy beliefs? Evidence from two high-profile U.S. elections
Kim, S., Stavrova, O., & Vohs, K. D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104396 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, voting has been associated with a sense of empowerment (Zimmerman & Rappaport, 1988) — a psychological state posited to reduce con-spiracy beliefs (van Prooijen, 2018; van Prooijen, Krouwel, & Pollet, 2015).”
Mediation analysis of conspiratorial thinking and anti-expert sentiments on vaccine willingness.
Blackburn, A. M., Han, H., Gelpí, R., Stöckli, S., Jeftić, A., Ch’ng, B., Koszałkowska, K., Lacko, D., Milfont, T. L., Lee, Y., et al. (2023) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001268 · Cited by 13
“I Know Things They Don’t Know!” The Role of Need for Uniqueness in Belief in Conspiracy TheoriesPreprint
Lantian, A., Dominique Muller, B., Nurra, C., & Douglas, K. M. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zm9a6 · Cited by 13
Editorial—The truth is out there: The psychology of conspiracy theories and how to counter them
van der Linden, S., Thompson, B., & Roozenbeek, J. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4054 · Cited by 13
Кто верит в теории заговора? Факторы склонности к конспирологическому мышлению в России, Казахстане и Украине
Kazun, A., & Porshnev, A. (2021) · Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ: èkonomičeskie i socialʹnye peremeny · doi:10.14515/monitoring.2021.6.1889 · Cited by 12
Believing in or Denying Climate Change for Questionable Reasons: Generic Conspiracist Beliefs, Personality, and Climate Change Perceptions of Romanian University Students
Boncu, Ș., Prundeanu, O., Holman, A. C., & Popușoi, S. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192417038 · Cited by 13
Information Integrity about Climate Science: A Systematic Review
(IPIE), I. P. O. T. I. E., Elbeyi, S. E., Jensen, K. B., Aronczyk, M., Asuka, J., Ceylan, G., Cook, J., Erdélyi, G., Ford, H., Milani, C. R. S., et al. (2025) · doi:10.61452/btzp3426 · Cited by 26
Queensland teachers and climate change education
Nicholls, J. (2017) · Curriculum Perspectives · doi:10.1007/s41297-017-0016-8 · Cited by 12
(Des)infodemia: lecciones de la crisis de la covid-19
Quian, A. (2023) · Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información · doi:10.35742/rcci.2023.28.e274 · Cited by 12
Tiktok and Political Communication of Youth: A Systematic Review
Hindarto, I. H. (2022) · JRP (Jurnal Review Politik) · doi:10.15642/jrp.2022.12.2.146-176 · Cited by 12
Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Spatial Inequality: the Case of Russian Education
Adamovich, K. (2022) · Journal of Economic Sociology · doi:10.17323/1726-3247-2022-2-147-161 · Cited by 10
Validating Conspiracy Beliefs and Effectively Communicating Scientific Consensus
Bolsen, T., & Druckman, J. N. (2018) · Weather Climate and Society · doi:10.1175/wcas-d-17-0096.1 · Cited by 11
Insomnia is associated with conspiracy mentality, psychological distress, and psychological well-being
Poon, K., Chan, R. S. W., Liang, J., & Li, L. M. W. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116384 · Cited by 10
Conspiracy Mentality: How it Relates to Populism, Relative Deprivation, Mistrust of Expertise and Voting Behaviour
Loziak, A., & Havrillová, D. (2024) · Europe's Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.10049 · Cited by 10
“Other studies have suggested that low trust in science is associated with low acceptance of a wide range of scientific information, among the most famous are negation of climate changes (van der Linden, 2015) or genetically modified food (Scott et al., 2018).”
Background
Coping capacity attenuates the effect of natural disaster risk on conspiracy beliefs
Zhao, Q., van Prooijen, J., & Spadaro, G. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102363 · Cited by 11
Conspiracy Theories in U.S. History
Olmstead, K. S. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0019 · Cited by 10
Collisions Between Institutional and Populist Risk Imaginaries: The “Dark Side” of Negative Asymmetric Thinking
Hagen, R. (2019) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12547 · Cited by 9

Authors: van der Linden, S.
Venue: Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-12
Volume: 87
Pages: 171-173
ISSN: 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.045
OpenAlex: W1199131209
Cited by: 391
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 82.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
Keywords: conspiracy theories, global warming, climate change skepticism, prosocial behavior, environmental decision-making, charitable giving, petition signing, climate change denial

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The conspiracy-effect: Exposure to conspiracy theories (about global warming) decreases pro-social behavior and science acceptance

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