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Cited by 312Neuroscience of respiration and sleepCancer, Hypoxia, and MetabolismBiomedical and Chemical Research

Oxygen sensing in the body

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Lahiri, S., Roy, A., Baby, S.M., Hoshi, T., Semenza, G.L., Prabhakar, N.R.·2006·Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
DOI 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2005.07.001
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Abstract

This review is divided into three parts: (a) The primary site of oxygen sensing is the carotid body which instantaneously respond to hypoxia without involving new protein synthesis, and is historically known as the first oxygen sensor and is therefore placed in the first section (Lahiri, Roy, Baby and Hoshi). The carotid body senses oxygen in acute hypoxia, and produces appropriate responses such as increases in breathing, replenishing oxygen from air. How this oxygen is sensed at a relatively high level (arterial PO2 approximately 50 Torr) which would not be perceptible by other cells in the body, is a mystery. This response is seen in afferent nerves which are connected synaptically to type I or glomus cells of the carotid body. The major effect of oxygen sensing is the increase in cytosolic calcium, ultimately by influx from extracellular calcium whose concentration is 2 x 10(4) times greater. There are several contesting hypotheses for this response: one, the mitochondrial hypothesis which states that the electron transport from the substrate to oxygen through the respiratory chain is retarded as the oxygen pressure falls, and the mitochondrial membrane is depolarized leading to the calcium release from the complex of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum. This is followed by influx of calcium. Also, the inhibitors of the respiratory chain result in mitochondrial depolarization and calcium release. The other hypothesis (membrane model) states that K(+) channels are suppressed by hypoxia which depolarizes the membrane leading to calcium influx and cytosolic calcium increase. Evidence supports both the hypotheses. Hypoxia also inhibits prolyl hydroxylases which are present in all the cells. This inhibition results in membrane K(+) current suppression which is followed by cell depolarization. The theme of this section covers first what and where the oxygen sensors are; second, what are the effectors; third, what couples oxygen sensors and the effectors. (b) All oxygen consuming cells have a built-in mechanism, the transcription factor HIF-1, the discovery of which has led to the delineation of oxygen-regulated gene expression. This response to chronic hypoxia needs new protein synthesis, and the proteins of these genes mediate the adaptive physiological responses. HIF-1alpha, which is a part of HIF-1, has come to be known as master regulator for oxygen homeostasis, and is precisely regulated by the cellular oxygen concentration. Thus, the HIF-1 encompasses the chronic responses (gene expression in all cells of the body). The molecular biology of oxygen sensing is reviewed in this section (Semenza). (c) Once oxygen is sensed and Ca(2+) is released, the neurotransmittesr will be elaborated from the glomus cells of the carotid body. Currently it is believed that hypoxia facilitates release of one or more excitatory transmitters from glomus cells, which by depolarizing the nearby afferent terminals, leads to increases in the sensory discharge. The transmitters expressed in the carotid body can be classified into two major categories: conventional and unconventional. The conventional neurotransmitters include those stored in synaptic vesicles and mediate their action via activation of specific membrane bound receptors often coupled to G-proteins. Unconventional neurotransmitters are those that are not stored in synaptic vesicles, but spontaneously generated by enzymatic reactions and exert their biological responses either by interacting with cytosolic enzymes or by direct modifications of proteins. The gas molecules such as NO and CO belong to this latter category of neurotransmitters and have unique functions. Co-localization and co-release of neurotransmitters have also been described. Often interactions between excitatory and inhibitory messenger molecules also occur. Carotid body contains all kinds of transmitters, and an interplay between them must occur. But very little has come to be known as yet. Glimpses of these interactions are evident in the discussion in the last section (Prabhakar).

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  • Under hypoxia, accumulation of ROS leads to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and efflux of Ca2+ from the mitochondrial endoplasmic reticulum complex.

    “In the former, it is proposed that under hypoxia the accumulation of ROS leads to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the efflux of Ca 2+ from the mitochondrial endoplasmic reticulum complex.”

    From Placental Origins of Chronic Disease (2016) · cites this paper as [324]

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Cherniack, N.S., Widdicombe, J.G. (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology. Section 3: The Respiratory System, Bethesda, vol. II. American Physiological Society, pp. 267-312.
  2. Lahiri, S., Milledge, J.S., 1998. Pulmonary adaptation and clinical disorders related to high altitude. In: Alfred, P.F., Jack A.E., Jay A.F., Michael A.G., Larry R.K., Robert M.S. (Eds.), Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorder. 3rd ed., vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, US, pp. 965-977.
  3. Lahiri, S., Roy, A., Mokashi, A., Daudu, P.A., Li, J., Baby, S.M., Buerk, D.G., 2003b. Further evidence that oxygen sensing in the carotid body involves iron and heme. In: Lahiri, S., Semenza, S., Prabhakar, N.R. (Eds.), Oxygen Sensing: Responses and Adaptation to Hypoxia, vol. 175, pp. 289-297.
  4. Lehninger, A.L., 1975. Biochemistry (2nd edition): the Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function, p. 501.
  5. Lloyd, B.B., Cunningham, D.J.C., Goode, R.C., 1968. Depression of hypoxic hyperventilation in man by sudden inspiration of carbon monoxide. In: Torrence, R.W. (Ed.), Arterial Chemorecptors. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 145-148.

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Authors
Lahiri, S., Roy, A., Baby, S. M., Hoshi, T., Semenza, G. L., & Prabhakar, N. R.
Affiliations
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Case Western Reserve University (US)
Corresponding author
Lahiri, S.
ORCID
Venue
Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2006-07
Volume
91
Issue
3
Pages
249-286
ISSN
0079-6107 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2005.07.001
OpenAlex
W1987048520
Cited by
312
References
237
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 30
FWCI
1.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • American Heart Association
  • National Institutes of Health (HL‐25830)
  • U.S. Navy
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-25830, 25830, R37HL043413, HL-50180, HL46462, HL 43413, HL-66448, R01HL050180)
  • National Cancer Institute
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM057654)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Biomedical and Chemical Research
Keywords
oxygen sensing, carotid body, hypoxia, HIF-1, HIF-1α, prolyl hydroxylase, oxygen homeostasis, membrane depolarization, calcium signaling, hypoxia adaptation, respiratory control
MeSH terms
Animals, Hypoxia, Carbon Monoxide, Carotid Body, Cell Membrane, Humans, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Nitric Oxide, Oxygen, Potassium Channels, Neurotransmitter Agents, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

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