The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gravity and the thermodynamics of horizons
Open accessAbstract
Spacetimes with horizons show a resemblance to thermodynamic systems and it is possible to associate the notions of temperature and entropy with them. Several aspects of this connection are reviewed in a manner appropriate for broad readership. The approach uses two essential principles: (a) the physical theories must be formulated for each observer entirely in terms of variables any given observer can access and (b) consistent formulation of quantum field theory requires analytic continuation to the complex plane. These two principles, when used together in spacetimes with horizons, are powerful enough to provide several results in a unified manner. Since spacetimes with horizons have a generic behaviour under analytic continuation, standard results of quantum field theory in curved spacetimes with horizons can be obtained directly (Sections III to VII). The requirements (a) and (b) also put strong constraints on the action principle describing the gravity and, in fact, one can obtain the Einstein-Hilbert action from the thermodynamic considerations (Section VIII). The review emphasises the thermodynamic aspects of horizons, which could be obtained from general principles and is expected to remain valid, independent of the microscopic description (‘statistical mechanics’) of horizons.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Particle creation by black holes
Hawking, S. W. (1975) · Communications In Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf02345020 · Cited by 13,106 · cited 6×
“This radiation will have a temperatureT = ( /2 ) = (1/8 M) [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe four laws of black hole mechanics
Bardeen, J. M., Carter, B., & Hawking, S. W. (1973) · Communications in Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf01645742 · Cited by 3,932
Quantum source of entropy for black holes
Bombelli, L., Koul, R. K., Lee, J., & Sorkin, R. D. (1986) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.34.373 · Cited by 1,439
On the quantum structure of a black hole
't Hooft, G. (1985) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(85)90418-3 · Cited by 1,311
Quantum geometry and black hole entropy
Ashtekar, A., Baez, J., Corichi, A., & Krasnov, K. (1998) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.80.904 · Cited by 1,105 · cited 2×
“One gets the correct numerical factor (only) if γ = ln N/2π √ 2 where N = 2 or N = 3 depending on whether the gauge group SU(2) or SO(3) is used in the theory (Ashtekar et al., 1998, 2000; Krasnov, 1998; Rovelli, 1996).”
BackgroundThe stretched horizon and black hole complementarity
Susskind, L., Thorlacius, L., & Uglum, J. (1993) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.48.3743 · Cited by 1,081
Nonuniqueness of canonical field quantization in Riemannian space-time
Fulling, S. A. (1973) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.7.2850 · Cited by 1,044
Scalar production in schwarzschild and rindler metrics
Davies, P. C. W. (1975) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/8/4/022 · Cited by 1,005
Particle Creation in Expanding Universes
Parker, L. (1968) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.21.562 · Cited by 921
Callan, C., & Wilczek, F. (1994) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(94)91007-3 · Cited by 826
Cited by
Barceló, C., Liberati, S., & Visser, M. (2005) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.12942/lrr-2005-12 · Cited by 1,163
Black hole chemistry: thermodynamics with Lambda
Kubizňák, D., Mann, R. B., & Teo, M. (2017) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/aa5c69 · Cited by 847
Barceló, C., Liberati, S., & Visser, M. (2011) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.12942/lrr-2011-3 · Cited by 598
Colloquium: Stimulating uncertainty: Amplifying the quantum vacuum with superconducting circuits
Nation, P. D., Johansson, J. R., Blencowe, M. P., & Nori, F. (2012) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.84.1 · Cited by 488
Akbar, M., & Cai, R.-G. (2006) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2006.02.035 · Cited by 392
Metadata
- Authors
- Padmanabhan, T.
- Venue
- Physics Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 406
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 49-125
- ISSN
- 0370-1573 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122464632
- Cited by
- 588
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 11.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Gravity and the thermodynamics of horizons. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.physrep.2004.10.003
- The paper
- Padmanabhan, T. (2005). Gravity and the thermodynamics of horizons. Physics Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2004.10.003
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.