Towards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human brain networks
Open accessAbstract
The past decade has witnessed a proliferation of studies aimed at characterizing the human connectome. These projects map the brain regions comprising large-scale systems underlying cognition using non-invasive neuroimaging approaches and advanced analytic techniques adopted from network science. While the idea that the human brain is composed of multiple macro-scale functional networks has been gaining traction in cognitive neuroscience, the field has yet to reach consensus on several key issues regarding terminology. What constitutes a functional brain network? Are there "core" functional networks, and if so, what are their spatial topographies? What naming conventions, if universally adopted, will provide the most utility and facilitate communication amongst researchers? Can a taxonomy of functional brain networks be delineated? Here we survey the current landscape to identify six common macro-scale brain network naming schemes and conventions utilized in the literature, highlighting inconsistencies and points of confusion where appropriate. As a minimum recommendation upon which to build, we propose that a scheme incorporating anatomical terminology should provide the foundation for a taxonomy of functional brain networks. A logical starting point in this endeavor might delineate systems that we refer to here as "occipital", "pericentral", "dorsal frontoparietal", "lateral frontoparietal", "midcingulo-insular", and "medial frontoparietal" networks. We posit that as the field of network neuroscience matures, it will become increasingly imperative to arrive at a taxonomy such as that proposed here, that can be consistently referenced across research groups.
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Decades of functional neuroimaging work have delineated the executive control/lateral frontoparietal and salience/midcingulo-insular networks as brain networks underlying executive functions that contribute to cognitive flexibility.
“Decades of functional neuroimaging work has delineated brain networks underlying EFs that contribute to cognitive flexibility (21,22), namely the executive control/lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN) and salience/midcingulo-insular networks (M-CIN) (23–25).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
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Self-citationThe relationship between spatial configuration and functional connectivity of brain regions
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Individual variability of the system-level Organization of the Human Brain
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Trait-like variants in human functional brain networks
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Default Network Modulation and Large-Scale Network Interactivity in Healthy Young and Old Adults
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Self-citationIndividual-specific features of brain systems identified with resting state functional correlations
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The Anatomy of Suffering: Understanding the Relationship between Nociceptive and Empathic Pain
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ICA model order selection of task co-activation networks
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Topographic organization of the cerebral cortex and brain cartography
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Self-citationAsymmetric development of dorsal and ventral attention networks in the human brain
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On the existence of a generalized non-specific task-dependent network
Hugdahl, K., Raichle, M. E., Mitra, A., & Specht, K. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00430 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Goal-congruent default network activity facilitates cognitive control
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The Cognitive Paradigm Ontology: Design and Application
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Dissociating Modality-Specific and Supramodal Neural Systems for Action Understanding
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Multimodal network dynamics underpinning working memory
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Contexts and Catalysts: A Resolution of the Localization and Integration of Function in the Brain
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Parcellating Cerebral Cortex: How Invasive Animal Studies Inform Noninvasive Mapmaking in Humans
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Privileged Functional Connectivity between the Visual Word Form Area and the Language System
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Default network and frontoparietal control network theta connectivity supports internal attention
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The Default Network and Social Cognition
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Loneliness and meaning in life are reflected in the intrinsic network architecture of the brain
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The goal priority network as a neural substrate of Conscientiousness
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Individual parcellation of resting fMRI with a group functional connectivity prior
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Self-citationCorrespondence between evoked and intrinsic functional brain network configurations
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Self-citationTopography and behavioral relevance of the global signal in the human brain
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Self-citationHayama, H. R., Vilberg, K. L., & Rugg, M. D. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00202 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Structural Connections of Functionally Defined Human Insular Subdivisions
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Self-citationLarge-scale Probabilistic Functional Modes from resting state fMRI
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Salience Network of the Human Brain
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Decoding the content of recollection within the core recollection network and beyond
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MIST: A multi-resolution parcellation of functional brain networks
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On the nature of time-varying functional connectivity in resting fMRIPreprint
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Predictive Big Data Analytics using the UK Biobank Data
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Data-Driven Extraction of a Nested Model of Human Brain Function
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Self-citationBeyond consensus: Embracing heterogeneity in curated neuroimaging meta-analysis
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Self-citationDark Control: Towards a Unified Account of Default Mode Function by Markov Decision ProcessesPreprint
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Self-citationDynamic connectivity and dynamic affiliation
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Self-citation
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Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: Neural mechanisms and clinical considerations
Uddin, L. Q. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of PFC networks in cognitive control and executive function
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“Notably, Uddin and colleagues (Uddin et al., 2019) proposed six large-scale networks referred to with anatomical nomenclature: occipital, pericentral, dorsal fronto-parietal, lateral frontoparietal (FPN), midcingulo-insular, and medial frontoparietal networks.”
BackgroundInfluentialUddin, L. Q. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.010 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationMRI predictors of pharmacotherapy response in major depressive disorder
Gerlach, A. R., Karim, H. T., Peciña, M., Ajilore, O., Taylor, W. D., Butters, M. A., & Andreescu, C. (2022) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103157 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Deconstructing dissociation: a triple network model of trauma-related dissociation and its subtypes
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Basile, G. A., Tatti, E., Bertino, S., Milardi, D., Genovese, G., Bruno, A., Muscatello, M. R. A., Ciurleo, R., Cerasa, A., Quartarone, A., et al. (2024) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-024-02781-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…of brain network, although variously defined in the literature, always refers to a distinct and discrete set of brain areas that are strictly interconnected together, forming segregated, yet mutually interacting modules at different hierarchical levels (Bullmore and Sporns 2009; Uddin et al. 2019).”
BackgroundCognitive neuroscience of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Bragdon, L. B., Eng, G. K., Recchia, N., Collins, K. A., & Stern, E. R. (2023) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2022.11.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sensorimotor Mechanisms of Decisions and Actions
James, T. W. (2026) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.a.2484
- Authors
- Uddin, L. Q., Yeo, B. T. T., & Spreng, R. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Uddin, Lucina Q.
- Spreng, R. Nathan
- Venue
- Brain Topography
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 926-942
- ISSN
- 0896-0267 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6792
- PMC
- PMC7325607
- OpenAlex
- W2985441701
- Cited by
- 683
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 6.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Topography (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH107549)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Keywords
- functional brain networks, human connectome, anatomical terminology, terminology standardization
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Classification, Cognition, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Neuroimaging, Connectome
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