New constraints on Precambrian ocean composition
Abstract
The Precambrian record of carbonate and evaporite sedimentation is equivocal. In contrast to most previous interpretations, it is possible that Archean, Paleoproterozoic, and to a lesser extent, Meso to Neoproterozoic seawater favored surplus abiotic carbonate precipitation, as aragonite and (hi-Mg?) calcite, in comparison to younger times. Furthermore, gypsum/anhydrite may have been only rarely precipitated prior to halite precipitation during evaporation prior to about 1.8 Ga. Two effects may have contributed to these relationships. First, sulfate concentration of seawater may have been critically low prior to about 1.9 Ga so the product mCa++ x mSO4-- would not have produced gypsum before halite, as in the Mesoproterozoic to modern ocean. Second, the bicarbonate to calcium ratio was sufficiently high so that during progressive evaporation of seawater, calcium would have been exhausted before the gypsum field was reached. The pH of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic ocean need not have been significantly different from the modern value of 8.1, even at CO2 partial pressures of a tenth of an atmosphere. Higher CO2 partial pressures require somewhat lower pH values.
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The shift in redox conditions is marked foremost by reappearance of evidence for anoxic conditions in very shallow waters and disappearance of sulfate evaporites.
“This shift in redox conditions is marked foremost by the reappearance of evidence for anoxic conditions in very shallow waters and the disappearance of sulfate evaporites (Canfield 2005, Grotzinger & Kasting 1993).”
From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Grotzinger & Kasting 1993
The pH required for greenalite precipitation (7.75-8.3) is at odds with those predicted for Archaean seawater.
“values that are at odds with those predicted for Archaean seawater (e.g., Grotzinger and Kasting, 1993; Blätter et al., 2016; Halevy and Bachan, 2017).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Grotzinger and Kasting, 1993
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- Authors
- Grotzinger, J. P., & Kasting, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Geology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1993-03
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 235-243
- ISSN
- 0022-1376 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5269
- OpenAlex
- W1965475671
- Cited by
- 424
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 7.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Geology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- carbonate precipitation, evaporite sedimentation, Archean ocean, halite, sulfate content, seawater pH, partial pressure of CO2, aragonite, calcite, evaporative crystallization
- MeSH terms
- Bicarbonates, Calcium, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Sulfate, Carbon Dioxide, Biological Evolution, Geology, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Minerals, Oceans and Seas, Partial Pressure, Seawater, Sulfates, Silicates, Geological Phenomena
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