Cited by 71Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsComplement system in diseasesOcular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome

Implications of genetic variation in the complement system in age-related macular degeneration

Open access
de Jong, Sarah, Gagliardi, Giuliana, Garanto, Alejandro, de Breuk, Anita, Lechanteur, Yara T.E., Katti, Suresh, van den Heuvel, Lambert P., Volokhina, Elena B. +1 more·2021·Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of vision loss among the elderly in the Western world. While AMD is a multifactorial disease, the complement system was identified as one of the main pathways contributing to disease risk. The strong link between the complement system and AMD was demonstrated by genetic associations, and by elevated complement activation in local eye tissue and in the systemic circulation of AMD patients. Several complement inhibitors have been and are being explored in clinical trials, but thus far with limited success, leaving the majority of AMD patients without treatment options to date. This indicates that there is still a gap of knowledge regarding the functional implications of the complement system in AMD pathogenesis and how to bring these towards clinical translation. Many different experimental set-ups and disease models have been used to study complement activation in vivo and in vitro, and recently emerging patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and genome-editing techniques open new opportunities to study AMD disease mechanisms and test new therapeutic strategies in the future. In this review we provide an extensive overview of methods employed to understand the molecular processes of complement activation in AMD pathogenesis. We discuss the findings, advantages and challenges of each approach and conclude with an outlook on how recent, exciting developments can fill in current knowledge gaps and can aid in the development of effective complement-targeting therapeutic strategies in AMD.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100952

Cites

264 of 264 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

9 of the 273 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
de Jong, S., Gagliardi, G., Garanto, A., de Breuk, A., Lechanteur, Y. T. E., Katti, S., van den Heuvel, L. P., Volokhina, E. B., & den Hollander, A. I.
Affiliations
  • Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
  • Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Venue
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-09
Volume
84
Pages
100952
ISSN
1350-9462 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3131044740
Cited by
71
References
273
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 7
FWCI
2.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Foundation Fighting Blindness Inc
  • Dutch Research Council
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, complement system, complement activation, genetic variation, genetic association, complement inhibitors, AMD pathogenesis, induced pluripotent stem cells, genome editing, disease models
MeSH terms
Aged, Complement System Proteins, Complement Activation, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Genetic Variation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review