Immune Regulation in the Aging Retina
Open accessAbstract
The retina is an immune privileged tissue, which is protected from external and internal insults by its blood-retina barriers and immune suppressive microenvironment. Apart from the avoidance and tolerance strategies, the retina is also protected by its own defense system, i.e., microglia and the complement system. The immune privilege and defense mechanisms work together to maintain retinal homeostasis. During aging, the retina is at an increased risk of developing various degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucomatous retinopathy. Previously, we have shown that aging induces a para-inflammatory response in the retina. In this review, we explore the impact of aging on retinal immune regulation and the connection between homeostatic control of retinal immune privilege and para-inflammation under aging conditions and present a view that may explain why aging puts the retina at risk of developing degenerative diseases.
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The blood-retina barrier acts as a physical and immune bulwark, blocking entry of circulating immune cells inside the retina and preventing antigens from escaping the retina.
“The blood-retina barrier, which is partly composed by tight junctions (depicted in yellow) between RPE cells, acts as a physical and immune bulwark.It blocks the entry of circulating immune cells inside the retina and prevents antigens from escaping the retina [14][15][16].”
From Risk mitigation of immunogenicity: a key to personalized retinal gene therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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Innate Immune Response in Retinal Homeostasis and Inflammatory Disorders
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Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein (IRBP) in Retinal Health and Disease
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“Breakdown of the BRB, which occurs in many retinal diseases, exposes retinal antigens to the immune system, eliciting an inflammatory response leading to tissue damage and vision loss (Chen et al., 2019).”
BackgroundRisk mitigation of immunogenicity: a key to personalized retinal gene therapy
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- Authors
- Chen, M., Luo, C., Zhao, J., Devarajan, G., & Xu, H.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Heping
- Venue
- Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 69
- Pages
- 159-172
- ISSN
- 1350-9462 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6373845
- OpenAlex
- W2897831960
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.qub.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Fight for Sight (1361/1362, 1425/1426, 1574/1574, 5057/5058)
- Dunhill Medical Trust (R188/0211)
- National Eye Research Centre (SCIAD 061)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- retinal aging, immune privilege, blood-retinal barrier, microglia, complement system, retinal homeostasis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal degeneration
- MeSH terms
- Immune Privilege, Aging, Animals, Blood-Retinal Barrier, Epithelial Cells, Humans, Inflammation, Neurons, Retina, Retinal Diseases, Microglia, Retinal Pigment Epithelium
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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