Sensitivity to monetary reward is most severely compromised in recently abstaining cocaine addicted individuals: A cross-sectional ERP study
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies suggest that drug-addicted individuals have a dampened cortical response to non-drug rewards. However, it remains unclear whether recency of drug use impacts this impairment. Therefore, in this event-related potential study, recency of cocaine use was objectively determined by measuring cocaine in urine on study day. Thirty-five individuals with current cocaine use disorder [CUD: 21 testing positive (CUD+) and 14 testing negative (CUD-) for cocaine in urine] and 23 healthy controls completed a sustained attention task with graded monetary incentives (0¢, 1¢ and 45¢). Unlike in controls, in both CUD subgroups P300 amplitude was not modulated by the varying amounts of money and the CUD- showed the most severe impairment as documented by the lowest P300 amplitudes and task accuracy. Moreover, while recency of drug use was associated with better accuracy and higher P300 amplitudes, chronic drug use was associated with lower sensitivity to money. These results extend our previous findings of decreased sustained sensitivity to monetary reward in CUD+ to recently abstaining individuals, where level of impairment was most severe. Taken together, these results support the self-medication hypothesis, where CUD may be self-administering cocaine to avoid or compensate for underlying cognitive and emotional difficulties albeit with a long-term detrimental effect on sensitivity to non-drug reward.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In siblings discordant for stimulant addiction, OFC morphology was significantly smaller in the addicted sibling than in controls, whereas non-addicted siblings did not differ from controls.
“a recent study of siblings discordant for their addiction to stimulant drugs (78) showed brain differences in the morphology of the OFC, which were significantly smaller in the addicted sibling than in controls, whereas in the non-addicted siblings, the OFC did not differ from that of controls (79).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [79]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652 · see citing works
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,547 · see citing works
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Wechsler, D. (1999) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15170-000 · Cited by 4,681 · see citing works
The Fifth Edition of the Addiction Severity Index.
Mclellan, A., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I. E., Grissom, G. R., Pettinati, H., & Argeriou, M. (1992) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(92)90062-s · Cited by 4,279 · see citing works
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.679 · Cited by 4,027 · see citing works
Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty
Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1965) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.150.3700.1187 · Cited by 3,061 · see citing works
(1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.9.1184 · Cited by 2,948 · see citing works
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1642 · Cited by 2,667 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review
Folstein, J. R., & Van Petten, C. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.x · Cited by 2,567 · see citing works
The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence
(1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.11.1259 · Cited by 2,538 · see citing works
Picton, T. W., Bentin, S., Berg, P., Donchin, E., Hillyard, S. A., Johnson, R., Miller, G. A., Ritter, W., Ruchkin, D. S., Rugg, M. D., et al. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720127 · Cited by 2,157 · see citing works
The P300 wave of the human event-related potential
Picton, T. W. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-199210000-00002 · Cited by 1,908 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Schumm, W. R., & Stevens, J. P. (1993) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2685203 · Cited by 1,532 · see citing works
Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., van den Wildenberg, W., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2003) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.1.17 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
ERP components in Go/Nogo tasks and their relation to inhibition
Falkenstein, M., Hoormann, J., & Hohnsbein, J. (1999) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00008-6 · Cited by 1,106 · see citing works
Independent Coding of Reward Magnitude and Valence in the Human Brain
Yeung, N., & Sanfey, A. G. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4537-03.2004 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review
Shalev, U., Grimm, J. W., & Shaham, Y. (2002) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.54.1.1 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Pritchard, W. S. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Pritchard, W. S. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.89.3.506 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Cocaine Addiction: Psychology and Neurophysiology
Gawin, F. H. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2011738 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Event-Related Brain Potentials in Boys at Risk for Alcoholism
Begleiter, H., Bernice Porjesz, A., Bihari, B., & Kissin, B. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6474187 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Early selective-attention effects on the evoked potential: A critical review and reinterpretation
Näätänen, R., & Michie, P. T. (1979) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(79)90053-x · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Emotion, attention, and the ‘negativity bias’, studied through event-related potentials
Carretié, L., Mercado, F., Tapia, M., & Hinojosa, J. A. (2001) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00195-1 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Time for some a priori thinking about post hoc testing
Ruxton, G., & Beauchamp, G. (2008) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arn020 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G.-J. (2004) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.019 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain circuitry and the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior
Kalivas, P., & McFarland, K. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1393-2 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Holroyd, C. B., Pakzad-Vaezi, K. L., & Krigolson, O. E. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00668.x · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Decision-making and addiction (part II): myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward?
Bechara, A., Dolan, S., & Hindes, A. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00016-7 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Nieuwenhuis, S., Holroyd, C. B., Mol, N., & Coles, M. G. H. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.05.003 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Dien, J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.12.009 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes
Hajcak, G., Holroyd, C. B., Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00278.x · Cited by 480 · see citing works
The P300 and reward valence, magnitude, and expectancy in outcome evaluation
Wu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.032 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
The development of a cocaine craving questionnaire
Tiffany, S. T., Singleton, E. G., Haertzen, C. A., & Henningfield, J. E. (1993) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)90042-o · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of P300 amplitude from males at risk for alcoholism.
Polich, J. M., Pollock, V. E., & Bloom, F. E. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.55 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal analysis of the late ERP responses to deviant stimuli
Spencer, K., Dien, J., & Donchin, E. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820343 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
A Range of Research-Based Pharmacotherapies for Addiction
O’Brien, C. P. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.66 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
An ERP index of task relevance evaluation of visual stimuli
Potts, G. F. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.03.006 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Foti, D., & Hajcak, G. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.12.004 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
The utility of neurophysiological markers in the study of alcoholism
Bernice Porjesz, A., Rangaswamy, M., Kamarajan, C., Jones, K. A., Padmanabhapillai, A., & Begleiter, H. (2005) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.12.016 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Potts, G. F., Martin, L. E., Burton, P., & Montague, P. R. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1112 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Severity of dependence and route of administration of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines
Gossop, M., Griffiths, P., Powis, B., & Strang, J. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02660.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
de Ruiter, M. B., Veltman, D. J., Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., Sjoerds, Z., & van den Brink, W. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.175 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Inhibition, response mode, and stimulus probability: a comparative event-related potential study
Bruin, K. J. (2002) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00141-4 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Effects of value and reward magnitude on feedback negativity and P300
Sato, A., Yasuda, A., Ohira, H., Miyawaki, K., Nishikawa, M., Kumano, H., & Kuboki, T. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200503150-00020 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Emotion and Attention Interaction Studied through Event-Related Potentials
Carretié, L., Martín‐Loeches, M., Hinojosa, J. A., & Mercado, F. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901753294400 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Dien, J., Beal, D. J., & Berg, P. (2005) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.11.025 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Garcı́a-Larrea, L., Lukaszewicz, A., & Mauguı̀ere, F. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90042-k · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the cocaine selective severity assessment
Kampman, K. M., Volpicelli, J. R., Mcginnis, D. E., Alterman, A. I., Weinrieb, R. M., D’Angelo, L., & Epperson, L. E. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00011-2 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Goldstein, R. Z., Alia-Klein, N., Tomasi, D., Zhang, L., Cottone, L. A., Maloney, T., Telang, F., Caparelli, E. C., Chang, L., Ernst, T., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.43 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationLiddell, B. J., Williams, L. M., Rathjen, J., Shevrin, H., & Gordon, E. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904322926809 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
van Erp, T. G. M., Saleh, P. A., Rosso, I. M., HUTTUNEN, M. O., Lönnqvist, J. K., Pirkola, T., Salonen, O. L. M., Valanne, L. K., Poutanen, V.-P., Standertskjöld-Nordenstam, C.-G., et al. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1514 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The Neuropsychology of Cocaine Addiction: Recent Cocaine Use Masks Impairment
Woicik, P. A., Moeller, S. J., Nelly Alia-klein, A., Maloney, T., Lukasik, T. M., Yeliosof, O., Wang, G., Volkow, N. D., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.60 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationDunning, J. P., Parvaz, M. A., Hajcak, G., Maloney, T., Nelly Alia-klein, A., Woicik, P. A., Telang, F., Wang, G., Volkow, N. D., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07663.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscrimination of emotional facial expressions in a visual oddball task: an ERP study
Campanella, S., Gaspard, C., Debatisse, D., Bruyer, R., Crommelinck, M., & Guérit, J. (2002) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00005-4 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Goldstein, R. Z., Cottone, L. A., Jia, Z., Maloney, T., Volkow, N. D., & Squires, N. K. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.05.006 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationP300 event‐related potential heritability in monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Katsanis, J., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., & Carlson, S. R. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02415.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Reduced Frontal Lobe Activity in Subjects With High Impulsivity and Alcoholism
Chen, A. C. H., Bernice Porjesz, A., Rangaswamy, M., Kamarajan, C., Tang, Y., Jones, K. A., Chorlian, D. B., Stimus, A. T., & Begleiter, H. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00277.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The P300 brain potential is reduced in smokers
Anokhin, A. P., Vedeniapin, A. B., Sirevaag, E. J., Bauer, L. O., O’Connor, S., Samuel Kuperman, C., Bernice Porjesz, A., Reich, T., Begleiter, H., Polich, J. M., et al. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000387 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Goldstein, R. Z., Tomasi, D. G., Nelly Alia-klein, A., Cottone, L. A., Zhang, L., Telang, F., & Volkow, N. D. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.022 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of drug expectancy in the control of human drug seeking.
Hogarth, L., Dickinson, A., Wright, A., Kouvaraki, M., & Duka, T. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.33.4.484 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Hill, S. Y., Locke, J., Zezza, N., Kaplan, B. B., Neiswanger, K., Steinhauer, S. R., Wipprecht, G., & Xu, J. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00203-5 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Reward sensitivity in impulsivity
Martin, L. E., & Potts, G. F. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000132920.12990.b9 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Furlong, R. A., Ho, L. W., Rubinsztein, J. S., Walsh, C., Paykel, E. S., & Rubinsztein, D. C. (1999) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990820)88:4 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
An electrophysiological index of stimulus unfamiliarity
Daffner, K. R., Mesulam, M. M., Scinto, L. F. M., Calvo, V., Faust, R. R., & Holcomb, P. J. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3760737 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Dense sensor array topography of the event-related potential to task-relevant auditory stimuli
Potts, G. F., Dien, J., Hartry, A. L., McDougal, L., & Tucker, D. M. (1998) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0013-4694(97)00160-0 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
CNS recovery from cocaine, cocaine and alcohol, or opioid dependence: a P300 study
Bauer, L. O. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00583-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Event-related potential evidence for frontal cortex effects of chronic cocaine dependence
Biggins, C. A., MacKay, S., Clark, W., & Fein, G. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00425-8 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Effects of intranasal cocaine on human learning, performance and physiology
Higgins, S. T., Bickel, W. K., Hughes, J. R., Lynn, M., Capeless, M. A., & Fenwick, J. W. (1990) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02247124 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
P300 assessment of opiate and cocaine users: Effects of detoxification and buprenorphine treatment
Kouri, E. M., Lukas, S. E., & Mendelson, J. H. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00468-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Compromised sensitivity to monetary reward in current cocaine users: An ERP study
Goldstein, R. Z., Parvaz, M. A., Maloney, T., Nelly Alia-klein, A., Woicik, P. A., Telang, F., Wang, G., & Volkow, N. D. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00670.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationEvent-related potentials in a Go/Nogo task of abnormal response inhibition in heroin addicts
Yang, B., Yang, S., Zhao, L., Yin, L., Liu, X., & An, S. (2009) · Science in China Series C Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-009-0106-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Papageorgiou, C., Liappas, I., Ventouras, E.-C., Nikolaou, C. C., Kitsonas, E. N., UZUNOGLU, N. K., & Rabavilas, A. D. (2004) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.05.049 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Conflict adaptation and cognitive control adjustments following traumatic brain injury
Larson, M. J., KAUFMAN, D. A. S., & Perlstein, W. M. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709990701 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Gooding, D. C., Burroughs, S. A., & Boutros, N. N. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.11.019 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Visual P300s in Long‐Term Abstinent Chronic Alcoholics
Fein, G., & Chang, M. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00246.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Unconscious processes, subliminal stimulation, and anxiety
Mayer, B. (1999) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00060-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Letter: The adult hyperkinetic.
Hr, H. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Drug Abuse as a Coping Mechanism
Duncan, D. F. (1974) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.131.6.724 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Franken, I. H. A., den Berg, I. V., & Strien, J. W. V. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01139.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams J Williams J. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders - Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0) 1996 New York Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction
Volkow, N. D., Michaelides, M., & Baler, R. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2018 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. ‐., Tomasi, D., & Baler, R. D. (2013) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01031.x · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterizing the cognitive effects of cocaine: a comprehensive review.
Spronk, D. B., van Wel, J. H. P., Ramaekers, J. G., & Verkes, R. J. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.003 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
- Authors
- Parvaz, M. A., Maloney, T., Moeller, S. J., Woicik, P. A., Alia-Klein, N., Telang, F., Wang, G.-J., Squires, N. K., Volkow, N. D., & Goldstein, R. Z.
- Affiliations
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldstein, Rita Z.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 203
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-82
- ISSN
- 0925-4927 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3444645
- OpenAlex
- W1995339722
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (1R01DA023579)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- cocaine dependence, P300, event-related potentials, cocaine abstinence, sustained attention, self-medication hypothesis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cocaine, Cross-Sectional Studies, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Reward, Case-Control Studies, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Event-Related Potentials, P300, Cocaine-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
