Prevalence and Risk Factors for Acute Posttraumatic Stress Disorder during the COVID-19 Outbreak
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.050
Abstract
Background: To exam the prevalence of and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Chinese people shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: An online questionnaire survey was conducted between 30 January and 3 February, 2020. The survey included two self-administered questionnaires: one was designed to require participants’ personal information (gender, age, education background), current location, recent epidemic area contact history, the classification of population, and subjective sleep quality; the other was the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Results: A total of 2091 Chinese participated in this study. The prevalence of PTSD among the Chinese public one month after the COVID-19 outbreak was 4.6%. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that gender ( p < 0.001), epidemic area contact history ( p = 0.047), classification of population ( p < 0.001), and subjective sleep quality ( p < 0.001) could be regarded as predictor factors for PTSD. Limitations: First, the majority of participants in this study were the general public, and confirmed or suspected patients being a small part. Second, the measurement of PTSD might be vulnerable to selection bias because of an online self-report study, such as participants’ recruitment. Third, the prevalence of PTSD in this study was estimated by an online questionnaire rather than a clinical interview. Conclusions: The results revealed that some Chinese showed acute PTSD during the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, comprehensive psychological intervention needs further implementation. Furthermore, females, people who having recent epidemic area contact history, those at high risk of infection or with poor sleep quality deserve special attention.
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No difference in PTSS was observed among health care workers.
“No difference in PTSS was observed (Sun et al., 2020)”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Sun et al., 2020
The paper reports the opposite of the attributed claim. In “Associated factors for the severity of PTSD,” it states that PCL-5 scores differed significantly by population classification (p < 0.001), with health care workers reporting lower symptom levels than both low-risk and high-risk public groups. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRisk of PTSS was positively associated with female gender.
“The risk of PTSS were positively associated with female gender (Sun et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020)”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Sun et al., 2020
Risk of PTSS was positively associated with living in Hubei province.
“living in Hubei province (Sun et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020)”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Sun et al., 2020
Risk of PTSS was positively associated with subjective sleep quality.
“subjective sleep quality (Sun et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020)”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Sun et al., 2020
Risk of PTSS was not associated with age.
“but not with age (Sun et al., 2020)”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Sun et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Sun, L., Sun, Z., Wu, L., Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., Shang, Z., Jia, Y., Gu, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, N., & Liu, W.
- Affiliations
- Second Military Medical University (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Nianqi
- Liu, Weizhi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- Volume
- 283
- Pages
- 123-129
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7840403
- OpenAlex
- W3127075325
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 56
- FWCI
- 41.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of South Florida
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071086)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, COVID-19 outbreak, prevalence, risk factors, subjective sleep quality, gender differences, psychological intervention, Chinese population
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence
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