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Cited by 868COVID-19 and Mental HealthPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic

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Liu, Xinhua, Kakade, Meghana, Fuller, Cordelia J., Fan, Bin, Fang, Yunyun, Kong, Junhui, Guan, Zhiqiang, Wu, Ping·2012·Comprehensive Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003PMC PMC3176950
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Abstract

Aim The aim of the study was to examine, among hospital employees exposed to an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), post-outbreak levels of depressive symptoms and the relationship between those depressive symptom levels and the types of outbreak event exposures experienced.Methods In 2006, randomly selected employees (N = 549) of a hospital in Beijing were surveyed concerning their exposures to the city's 2003 SARS outbreak and the ways in which the outbreak had affected their mental health. Subjects were assessed on sociodemographic factors, on types of exposure to the outbreak, and on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression.Results The results of multinomial regression analyses showed that, with other relevant factors controlled for, being single, having been quarantined during the outbreak, having been exposed to other traumatic events before SARS, and perceived SARS-related risk level during the outbreak were found to increase the odds of having a high level of depressive symptoms 3 years later. Altruistic acceptance of risk during the outbreak was found to decrease the odds of high post-outbreak depressive symptom levels.Conclusions Policy makers and mental health professionals working to prepare for potential disease outbreaks should be aware that the experience of being quarantined can, in some cases, lead to long-term adverse mental health consequences.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003

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  • During the SARS epidemic, self-isolation was found to predict high rates of depression.

    “During the SARS epidemic, self-isolation was found to predict high rates of depression (Liu et al., 2012).”

    From Anxiety Sensitivity Mediates Relations Between Mental Distress Symptoms and Medical Care Utilization During COVID-19 Pandemic. (2021) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2012

    The Abstract (Results) reports that quarantine during the SARS outbreak predicted higher odds of a high level of depressive symptoms three years later among hospital employees. But the Methods (Measures) describe authority-selected quarantine, sometimes while staff continued working, rather than self-isolation. The Discussion also notes that the symptom measure did not diagnose depression, so the paper does not establish high rates of diagnosed depression. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Previous studies from SARS or Ebola epidemics indicate that a sudden and immediately life-threatening illness could lead to extraordinary pressure on healthcare workers.

    “According to previous studies from SARS or Ebola epidemics, the onset of a sudden and immediately life-threatening illness could lead to extraordinary amounts of pressure on healthcare workers (HCWs) (Liu et al., 2012).”

    From Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2012

  • Studies of the SARS epidemic found that people who had to quarantine had more symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.

    “These findings echo those from studies of previous epidemics such as the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), during which individuals who had to quarantine experienced increases in symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.6, 7, 8, 9”

    From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [9]

  • Higher perception of threat and risk was associated with depression among healthcare workers during viral outbreaks.

    “higher perception of threat and risk was also associated with a higher prevalence of a number of different mental health problems, including depression (Liu et al., 2012)”

    From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2012

  • Lack of specialized training and higher perception of threat and risk are modifiable factors that can be addressed in advance to mitigate mental health risks among healthcare workers during viral outbreaks.

    “However, this review also identified specific modifiable factors that can be addressed in advance and mitigate the risk brought by the aforementioned factors. Lack of specialized training was associated with anxiety, PTSD (Tang et al., 2017), and burnout (Maunder et al., 2004), and higher perception of threat and risk was associated with depression (Liu et al., 2012), anxiety (Alsubaie et al., 201”

    From Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2012

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2 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [30]Hou WL. The correlation between life threatening situation, post-traumatic responses, and psychophysiological symptoms among abused women (M.Sc. Thesis: Kaohsiung Medical University, Graduate Institute of Nursing, 2001). In. Kaohsiung, Taiwan: Kaohsiung Medical University; 2001.

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Authors
Liu, X., Kakade, M., Fuller, C. J., Fan, B., Fang, Y., Kong, J., Guan, Z., & Wu, P.
Affiliations
  • Columbia University (US)
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
  • Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
Corresponding author
Wu, Ping
ORCID
Venue
Comprehensive Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-01
Volume
53
Issue
1
Pages
15-23
ISSN
0010-440X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003
PMC
PMC3176950
OpenAlex
W1971131248
Cited by
868
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 198 · 2021: 287 · 2020: 217 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Comprehensive Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA016894-02S1)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords
depression, depressive symptoms, SARS, SARS epidemic, hospital staff, quarantine, occupational exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder, risk perception, outbreak, mental health policy
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, China, Depression, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

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