Cited by 699Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsMemory and Neural MechanismsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

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Intranasal insulin improves memory in humans

Benedict, Christian, Hallschmid, Manfred, Hatke, Astrid, Schultes, Bernd, Fehm, Horst L, Born, Jan, Kern, Werner·2004·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.003

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Abstract

Previous studies have suggested an acutely improving effect of insulin on memory function. To study changes in memory associated with a prolonged increase in brain insulin activity in humans, here we used the intranasal route of insulin administration known to provide direct access of the substance to the cerebrospinal fluid compartment. Based on previous results indicating a prevalence of insulin receptors in limbic and hippocampal regions as well as improvements in memory with systemic insulin administration, we expected that intranasal administration of insulin improves primarily hippocampus dependent declaration memory function. Also, improvements in mood were expected. We investigated the effects of 8 weeks of intranasal administration of insulin (human regular insulin 4 x 40 IU/d) on declarative memory (immediate and delayed recall of word lists), attention (Stroop test), and mood in 38 healthy subjects (24 males) in a double blind, between-subject comparison. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels did not differ between the placebo and insulin conditions. Delayed recall of words significantly improved after 8 weeks of intranasal insulin administration (words recalled, Placebo 2.92 +/- 1.00, Insulin 6.20 +/- 1.03, p < 0.05). Moreover, subjects after insulin reported signs of enhanced mood, such as reduced anger (p < 0.02) and enhanced self-confidence (p < 0.03). Results indicate a direct action of prolonged intranasal administration of insulin on brain functions, improving memory and mood in the absence of systemic side effects. These findings could be of relevance for the treatment of patients with memory disorders like in Alzheimer's disease.

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Authors: Benedict, C., Hallschmid, M., Hatke, A., Schultes, B., Fehm, H. L., Born, J., & Kern, W.
Affiliations: University of Lübeck (DE)
Corresponding author: Benedict, Christian
ORCID: Benedict, Christian
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 29
Issue: 10
Pages: 1326-1334
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.003
OpenAlex: W2123541107
Cited by: 699
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 9.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: intranasal insulin, memory, declarative memory, delayed recall, mood, attention, Stroop task, hippocampus, insulin receptor, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrospinal fluid insulin
MeSH terms: Administration, Intranasal, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Double-Blind Method, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Insulin, Male, Mental Recall, Reference Values, Sex Factors, Verbal Learning

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Intranasal insulin improves memory in humans

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