Post-stress rumination predicts HPA axis responses to repeated acute stress
Open accessAbstract
Failure of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to habituate to repeated stress exposure is related with adverse health outcomes, but our knowledge of predictors of non-habituation is limited. Rumination, defined as repetitive and unwanted past-centered negative thinking, is related with exaggerated HPA axis stress responses and poor health outcomes. The aim of this study was to test whether post-stress rumination was related with non-habituation of cortisol to repeated stress exposure. Twenty-seven participants (n=13 females) were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) twice on consecutive afternoons. Post-stress rumination was measured after the first TSST, and HPA axis responses were assessed by measuring salivary cortisol 1 min before, and 1, 10, 20, 60, and 120 min after both TSSTs. Stress exposure induced HPA axis activation on both days, and this activation showed habituation indicated by lower responses to the second TSST (F=3.7, p=0.015). Post-stress rumination after the first TSST was associated with greater cortisol reactivity after the initial stress test (r=0.45, p<0.05) and with increased cortisol responses to the second TSST (r=0.51, p<0.01), indicating non-habituation, independently of age, sex, depressive symptoms, perceived life stress, and trait rumination. In summary, results showed that rumination after stress predicted non-habituation of HPA axis responses. This finding implicates rumination as one possible mechanism mediating maladaptive stress response patterns, and it might also offer a pathway through which rumination might lead to negative health outcomes.
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Post stressor rumination appears to be a particularly important stress process that may prolong cortisol activation during stress recovery, altering allostatic states.
“Post stressor rumination appears to be a particularly important stress process that may prolong cortisol activation during stress recovery, altering allostatic states (Gianferante et al., 2014; Ottaviani et al., 2016; Verkuil et al., 2009).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Gianferante et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Gianferante, D., Thoma, M. V., Hanlin, L., Chen, X., Breines, J. G., Zoccola, P. M., & Rohleder, N.
- Affiliations
- Brandeis University (US)
- Ohio University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rohleder, Nicolas
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 49
- Pages
- 244-252
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4165793
- OpenAlex
- W2100195167
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (T32-GM084907-01, AG000204)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- rumination, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, stress habituation, Trier Social Stress Test, salivary cortisol, maladaptive stress response, trait rumination, depressive symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aged, Depression, Female, Habituation, Psychophysiologic, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Middle Aged, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Biomarkers, Young Adult
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