Intra-individual psychological and physiological responses to acute laboratory stressors of different intensity
Abstract
Objectives The phenomenon of stress is understood as a multidimensional concept which can be captured by psychological and physiological measures. There are various laboratory stress protocols which enable stress to be investigated under controlled conditions. However, little is known about whether these protocols differ with regard to the induced psycho-physiological stress response pattern. Methods In a within-subjects design, 20 healthy young men underwent four of the most common stress protocols (Stroop test [Stroop], cold pressor test [CPT], Trier Social Stress Test [TSST], and bicycle ergometer test [Ergometer]) and a no-stress control condition (rest) in a randomized order. For the multidimensional assessment of the stress response, perceived stress, endocrine and autonomic biomarkers (salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, and heart rate) were obtained during the experiments. Results All stress protocols evoked increases in perceived stress levels, with the highest levels in the TSST, followed by Ergometer, Stroop, and CPT. The highest HPA axis response was found in the TSST, followed by Ergometer, CPT, and Stroop, whilst the highest autonomic response was found in the Ergometer, followed by TSST, Stroop, and CPT. Conclusions These findings suggest that different stress protocols differentially stimulate various aspects of the stress response. Physically demanding stress protocols such as the Ergometer test appear to be particularly suitable for evoking autonomic stress responses, whereas uncontrollable and social-evaluative threatening stressors (such as the TSST) are most likely to elicit HPA axis stress responses. The results of this study may help researchers in deciding which stress protocol to use, depending on the individual research question.
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Few studies have correlated cortisol concentrations and stress levels.
“There are physiological and psychological methods for stress detection,[ 31 ] but few studies correlated the cortisol concentrations and stress levels (see Table S9, Supporting Information).”
From MicroSweat: A wearable microfluidic patch for noninvasive and reliable sweat collection enables human stress monitoring (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Skoluda, N., Strahler, J., Schlotz, W., Niederberger, L., Marques, S., Fischer, S., Thoma, M. V., Spoerri, C., Ehlert, U., & Nater, U. M.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Nater, Urs M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 51
- Pages
- 227-236
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122620777
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Helene Bieber-Funds
- Volkswagen Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- acute stress response, perceived stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, heart rate, autonomic nervous system, social-evaluative stress, Trier Social Stress Test, cold pressor test, Stroop task, bicycle ergometer test, stressor intensity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Perception, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Salivary alpha-Amylases, Young Adult
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