Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: the role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is a potent activator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. While the physiological mechanisms of HPA axis responses to stress as well as its short and long-term consequences have been extensively examined, less is known why someone elicits an acute neuroendocrine stress response, i.e. what are the psychological processes involved and how are they related to the acute neuroendocrine stress response. To examine this question, a questionnaire to assess anticipatory cognitive appraisal processes was developed and administered to 81 male healthy subjects in a standardized psychosocial stress situation (Trier social stress test). Cortisol stress responses were assessed with repeated measurement of salivary free cortisol. Hierarchical regression analyses show that anticipatory cognitive appraisal, in contrast to general personality factors and retrospective stress appraisal is an important determinant of the cortisol stress response, explaining up to 35% of the variance of the salivary cortisol response. The reported results emphasize the importance of psychological stress processing for the understanding of psychobiological stress responses. Since stress and its biological consequences have been shown to be associated with the onset and the maintenance of somatic illnesses and psychiatric disorders, psychological processes are prime targets for prevention and intervention.
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Anticipation of unfamiliar challenge is a well-established activator of the HPA axis.
“Anticipation of unfamiliar challenge is a well-established activator of the HPA axis (Gaab et al., 2005)”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Gaab et al., 2005
Expectancy may play a role in the regulation of the cortisol response to stress.
“Previous research also provided support for the idea that expectancy may play a role in the regulation of the cortisol response to stress (Gaab et al., 2003;Gaab et al., 2005;Ursin and Eriksen, 2010).”
From Cortisol Response to Stress: The Role of Expectancy and Anticipatory Stress Regulation (2020) · cites this paper as Gaab et al., 2005
A more negative anticipatory cognitive stress appraisal is associated with higher cortisol response to stress.
“Previous studies have shown that a more negative anticipatory cognitive stress appraisal is associated with higher cortisol response to stress (Gaab et al., 2005;Juster et al., 2012; although this result has not always been observed Zandara et al., 2016).”
From Cortisol Response to Stress: The Role of Expectancy and Anticipatory Stress Regulation (2020) · cites this paper as Gaab et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Gaab, J., Rohleder, N., Nater, U. M., & Ehlert, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Gaab, J.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 599-610
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127489014
- Semantic Scholar
- a4c567417bbe11d8a1eae0382df723e6326e0329
- Cited by
- 525
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Foundation for Research in Science and the Humanities
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- cortisol stress response, psychosocial stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, salivary cortisol, Trier Social Stress Test, stress appraisal, personality factors, neuroendocrine stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Personality, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Regression Analysis, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Comprehension
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