Methods of Prescribing Relative Exercise Intensity: Physiological and Practical Considerations

Mann, Theresa; Lamberts, Robert Patrick; Lambert, Michael Ian

doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0045-x

Cited by 333Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingPhysical Activity and Health

Methods of Prescribing Relative Exercise Intensity: Physiological and Practical Considerations

Mann, Theresa, Lamberts, Robert Patrick, Lambert, Michael Ian·2013·Sports Medicine

DOI 10.1007/s40279-013-0045-x

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Abstract

Exercise prescribed according to relative intensity is a routine feature in the exercise science literature and is intended to produce an approximately equivalent exercise stress in individuals with different absolute exercise capacities. The traditional approach has been to prescribe exercise intensity as a percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) or maximum heart rate (HRmax) and these methods remain common in the literature. However, exercise intensity prescribed at a %VO2max or %HRmax does not necessarily place individuals at an equivalent intensity above resting levels. Furthermore, some individuals may be above and others below metabolic thresholds such as the aerobic threshold (AerT) or anaerobic threshold (AnT) at the same %VO2max or %HRmax. For these reasons, some authors have recommended that exercise intensity be prescribed relative to oxygen consumption reserve (VO2R), heart rate reserve (HRR), the AerT, or the AnT rather than relative to VO2max or HRmax. The aim of this review was to compare the physiological and practical implications of using each of these methods of relative exercise intensity prescription for research trials or training sessions. It is well established that an exercise bout at a fixed %VO2max or %HRmax may produce interindividual variation in blood lactate accumulation and a similar effect has been shown when relating exercise intensity to VO2R or HRR. Although individual variation in other markers of metabolic stress have seldom been reported, it is assumed that these responses would be similarly heterogeneous at a %VO2max, %HRmax, %VO2R, or %HRR of moderate-to-high intensity. In contrast, exercise prescribed relative to the AerT or AnT would be expected to produce less individual variation in metabolic responses and less individual variation in time to exhaustion at a constant exercise intensity. Furthermore, it would be expected that training prescribed relative to the AerT or AnT would provide a more homogenous training stimulus than training prescribed as a %VO2max. However, many of these theoretical advantages of threshold-related exercise prescription have yet to be directly demonstrated. On a practical level, the use of threshold-related exercise prescription has distinct disadvantages compared to the use of %VO2max or %HRmax. Thresholds determined from single incremental tests cannot be assumed to be accurate in all individuals without verification trials. Verification trials would involve two or three additional laboratory visits and would add considerably to the testing burden on both the participant and researcher. Threshold determination and verification would also involve blood lactate sampling, which is aversive to some participants and has a number of intrinsic and extrinsic sources of variation. Threshold measurements also tend to show higher day-to-day variation than VO2max or HRmax. In summary, each method of prescribing relative exercise intensity has both advantages and disadvantages when both theoretical and practical considerations are taken into account. It follows that the most appropriate method of relative exercise intensity prescription may vary with factors such as exercise intensity, number of participants, and participant characteristics. Considering a method's limitations as well as advantages and increased reporting of individual exercise responses will facilitate accurate interpretation of findings and help to identify areas for further study.

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The challenges and pitfalls of determining individual thresholds may explain why many researchers continue to favor exercise intensity prescriptions based on relative percentages of maximum values.
“the challenges and pitfalls of determining such individual thresholds may explain why many researchers continue to favor exercise intensity prescriptions based on relative percentages of maximum values”
From Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research (2019) · cites this paper as Mann et al., 2013

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Relative Workload Determines Exercise-Induced Increases in PGC-1α mRNA
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Treadmill Velocity Best Predicts 5000-m Run Performance
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Gas Exchange Threshold and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max Testing for Athletes
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Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation and Enzyme Activities in M. Vastus Lateralis in Man
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Reproducibility of an Incremental Treadmill Vo2max Test with Gas Exchange Analysis for Runners
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Hormonal and Metabolic Consequences of Prolonged Running at the Individual Anaerobic Threshold*
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Suitability of Verification Testing to Confirm Attainment of VO2max in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
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Familial Resemblance for Muscle Phenotypes in the HERITAGE Family Study
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Reproducibility of Resting Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Measurements
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Untitled work
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Reproducibility and validity of physiological parameters measured in cyclists riding on racing bikes placed on a stationary magnetic brake
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The physiological basis of the ‘anaerobic threshold’ and implications for clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing
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A Comparison of the Physiological Exercise Intensity Differences Between Shod and Barefoot Submaximal Deep-Water Running at the Same Cadence
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Evaluation of ACSM Guidelines on Prescribing Exercise Intensity for ???Quite Unfit???
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Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?
Buchheit, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00073 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications
Ansdell, P., Thomas, K., Hicks, K. M., Hunter, S. K., Howatson, G., & Goodall, S. (2020) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088548 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
An Examination and Critique of Current Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity
Jamnick, N. A., Pettitt, R. W., Granata, C., Pyne, D. B., & Bishop, D. J. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01322-8 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
High responders and low responders: factors associated with individual variation in response to standardized training.
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Accuracy of Heart Rate Watches: Implications for Weight Management
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Thinking While Moving or Moving While Thinking – Concepts of Motor-Cognitive Training for Cognitive Performance Enhancement
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Intra-individual psychological and physiological responses to acute laboratory stressors of different intensity
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Physiological and Health-Related Adaptations to Low-Volume Interval Training: Influences of Nutrition and Sex
Gibala, M. J., Gillen, J. B., & Percival, M. E. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0259-6 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
A new sports garment with elastomeric technology optimizes physiological, mechanical, and psychological acute responses to pushing upper-limb resistance exercises
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Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research
Herold, F., Müller, P., Gronwald, T., & Müller, N. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers
Djaoui, L., Haddad, M., Chamari, K., & Dellal, A. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Manipulating graded exercise test variables affects the validity of the lactate threshold and V˙O2peak
Jamnick, N. A., Botella, J., Pyne, D. B., & Bishop, D. J. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199794 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Feeling of Pleasure to High-Intensity Interval Exercise Is Dependent of the Number of Work Bouts and Physical Activity Status
Frazão, D. T., Farias-Junior, L. F., Dantas, T. C. B., Krinski, K., Elsangedy, H. M., Prestes, J., Hardcastle, S. J., & Costa, E. C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152752 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice
Haugen, T. A., Sandbakk, Ø. B., Seiler, S., & Tønnessen, E. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Effects of Physical (In)activity on Platelet Function
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Lactate: Friend or Foe
Hall, M. M., Rajasekaran, S., Thomsen, T. W., & Peterson, A. R. (2016) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.10.018 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Intensity- and Duration-Based Options to Regulate Endurance Training
Hofmann, P., & Tschakert, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00337 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A New Detection Method Defining the Aerobic Threshold for Endurance Exercise and Training Prescription Based on Fractal Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability
Rogers, B., Giles, D., Draper, N., Hoos, O., & Gronwald, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.596567 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
An Examination and Critique of Subjective Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity: The Talk Test, Feeling Scale, and Rating of Perceived Exertion
Bok, D., Rakovac, M., & Foster, C. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01690-3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Methodological Approaches and Related Challenges Associated With the Determination of Critical Power and Curvature Constant
Muniz‐Pumares, D., Karsten, B., Triska, C., & Glaister, M. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002977 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Fractal Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability: A New Biomarker for Intensity Distribution in Endurance Exercise and Training Prescription?
Gronwald, T., Rogers, B., & Hoos, O. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.550572 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise oxygen consumption and heart rate recovery
Mann, T. N., Webster, C. C., Lamberts, R. P., & Lambert, M. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2907-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Mine of Information: Can Sports Analytics Provide Wisdom From Your Data?
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Practical Approaches to Prescribing Physical Activity and Monitoring Exercise Intensity
Reed, J. L., & Pipe, A. L. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.12.024 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Causes and Consequences of Interindividual Response Variability: A Call to Apply a More Rigorous Research Design in Acute Exercise-Cognition Studies
Herold, F., Törpel, A., Hamacher, D., Budde, H., Zou, L., Strobach, T., Müller, N. G., & Gronwald, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.682891 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Comparing Continuous and Intermittent Exercise: An “Isoeffort” and “Isotime” Approach
Nicolò, A., Bazzucchi, I., Haxhi, J., Felici, F., & Sacchetti, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094990 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Intensive care unit acquired weakness and physical rehabilitation in the ICU
Hiser, S. L., Casey, K. S., Nydahl, P., Hodgson, C. L., & Needham, D. M. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-077292 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Biological and methodological factors affecting response variability to endurance training and the influence of exercise intensity prescription
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Evaluating the Accuracy of Using Fixed Ranges of METs to Categorize Exertional Intensity in a Heterogeneous Group of Healthy Individuals: Implications for Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Health Outcomes
Iannetta, D., Keir, D. A., Fontana, F. Y., Inglis, E. C., Mattu, A. T., Paterson, D. H., Pogliaghi, S., & Murias, J. M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01476-z · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A wearable H-shirt for exercise ECG monitoring and individual lactate threshold computing
Sun, F., Yi, C., Li, W., & Li, Y. (2017) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2017.06.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Myokine/Adipokine response to “Aerobic” exercise: Is it just a matter of exercise load?
He, Z., Tian, Y., Valenzuela, P. L., Huang, C., Zhao, J., Hong, P., He, Z., Yin, S., & Lucia, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00691 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A comparison of different methods to analyse data collected during time-to-exhaustion tests
Nicolò, A., Sacchetti, M., Girardi, M., McCormick, A., Angius, L., Bazzucchi, I., & Marcora, S. (2019) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-019-00585-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
What is the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness in those undergoing cardiac rehabilitation? A systematic review with meta-analysis
Mitchell, B. L., Lock, M., Davison, K., Parfitt, G., Buckley, J. P., & Eston, R. G. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099153 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Exercise Intensity Terminology: A Joint American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Expert Statement and Exercise and Sport Science Australia (ESSA) Consensus Statement
Bishop, D. J., Beck, B. R., Biddle, S., Denay, K. L., Ferri, A., Gibala, M. J., Headley, S., JONES, A. M., Jung, M. E., Lee, M. J.-C., et al. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003795 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Endurance capacity and neuromuscular fatigue following high‐ vs moderate‐intensity endurance training: A randomized trial
O’Leary, T. J., Collett, J., Howells, K., & Morris, M. G. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12854 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bench-to-Bedside Approaches for Personalized Exercise Therapy in Cancer
Jones, L. W., Eves, N. D., & Scott, J. M. (2017) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk_173836 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability-Derived Thresholds for Exercise Intensity Prescription in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review of Interrelations and Agreement with Different Ventilatory and Blood Lactate Thresholds
Kaufmann, S., Gronwald, T., Herold, F., & Hoos, O. (2023) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00607-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Authors: Mann, T., Lamberts, R. P., & Lambert, M. I.
Affiliations: University of Cape Town (ZA)
Corresponding author: Mann, Theresa
ORCID: Mann, Theresa
Lamberts, Robert Patrick
Venue: Sports Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-04-26
Volume: 43
Issue: 7
Pages: 613-625
ISSN: 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
1179-2035
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0045-x
OpenAlex: W2081671819
Cited by: 333
References: 139
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 3.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ernst and Ethel Eriksen Trust
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords: exercise intensity prescription, relative exercise intensity, oxygen uptake reserve, heart rate reserve, aerobic threshold, anaerobic threshold, VO2max, maximal heart rate, blood lactate, interindividual variability, time to exhaustion, incremental exercise test
MeSH terms: Exercise Test, Heart Rate, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Anaerobic Threshold, Biomarkers, Lactic Acid, Physical Conditioning, Human

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Methods of Prescribing Relative Exercise Intensity: Physiological and Practical Considerations

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