Determinants of salivary α-amylase in humans and methodological considerations
Abstract
Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has been proposed as a marker for activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Recent studies in support of this hypothesis have led to an increased number of researchers integrating amylase measurements into their study designs. Salivary alpha-amylase is produced locally in the salivary glands, controlled by the autonomic nervous system. This entails some methodological consequences and potential pitfalls that might lead to increased error variance and thus prevent successful testing of hypotheses. The goal of this review is to summarize basic and recent findings on methodological issues and potential factors influencing sAA measurement, and to derive a set of recommendations enabling researchers to successfully using sAA in psychoneuroendocrinological experiments.
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Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is a biochemical index for sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity.
“Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is a novel biochemical index for sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity [16–19].”
From The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
The association between greater alpha-amylase activity and lower nicotine dependence is likely because tobacco smoke acutely inhibits alpha-amylase activity.
“The somewhat paradoxical finding that greater activity in alpha-amylase at follow-up and an increase in alpha-amylase activity across time were both associated with lower nicotine dependence is likely because tobacco smoke has been shown to acutely inhibit alpha-amylase activity.117”
From Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study (2015) · cites this paper as [117]
sAA is a convenient marker, easily collected and measured in saliva, and is recognized as both a soothing/relaxation index and a stress response marker.
“sAA is a convenient marker and is easily collected and measured in saliva [36, 42–44]; it is recognized as both a soothing/relaxation index [45] and a stress response marker [36].”
From Acute Effects of Coffee Consumption on Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Blood Pressure and Stress Indices in Healthy Individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [44]
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“For the analysis of cortisol (as an indicator of HPA axis activity) [15] and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA, as an indicator of autonomic activity) [16,17], saliva was collected using small cotton swabs (Salivettes, Sarstedt, Sevelen, Switzerland).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationUrban Nature Experiences Reduce Stress in the Context of Daily Life Based on Salivary Biomarkers
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“However, because the latter technique requires much practice and close monitoring, in ecological momentary assessment studies the Salivette is still the preferred option [25].”
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- Authors
- Rohleder, N., & Nater, U. M.
- Affiliations
- Brandeis University (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Rohleder, Nicolas
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 469-485
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2011336106
- Cited by
- 604
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- salivary amylase, sympathetic activity, autonomic nervous system, salivary glands, salivary biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Saliva, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Factors, Specimen Handling, Reproducibility of Results, Salivary alpha-Amylases
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