The role of physiological arousal in the management of challenging behaviours in individuals with autistic spectrum disorders
Abstract
Challenging behaviours restrict opportunities and choices for people with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and frequently lead to inappropriate and costly service interventions. Managing challenging behaviours of people with autism is an important area of research. This paper examines some of the evidence for the role of physiological arousal influencing these behaviours. Evidence from the emerging literature about sensory differences is examined. It is proposed that sensory reactivity is associated with hyperarousal; catatonic type behaviours are associated with low levels of reactivity (hypoarousal). A low arousal approach is proposed as a generalised strategy to managing challenging behaviours with ASD. The use of non-contingent reinforcement and antecedent control strategies are recommended for use with challenging behaviours which have a sensory component. Examples are provided to illustrate the approach. The implications of arousal and the use of physical interventions are discussed. It is proposed that arousal is a construct which has significant heuristic value for researchers and practitioners.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This commonly leads to a misfocus on 'challenging behaviour' - particularly for autistic people who do not use speech to communicate, or those with co-occurring intellectual disabilities.
“This commonly leads to a misfocus on 'challenging behaviour' - particularly for autistic people who do not use speech to communicate, or those with co-occurring intellectual disabilities (McDonnell et al, 2015).”
From Autistic SPACE: a novel framework for meeting the needs of autistic people in healthcare settings (2023) · cites this paper as McDonnell et al, 2015
Acceptance leads to appropriate accommodations, including understanding that so called 'challenging behaviour' is usually a response to autistic needs not being adequately met.
“Acceptance leads to appropriate accommodations, including understanding that so called 'challenging behaviour' is usually a response to autistic needs not being adequately met (McDonnell et al, 2015).”
From Autistic SPACE: a novel framework for meeting the needs of autistic people in healthcare settings (2023) · cites this paper as McDonnell et al, 2015
Cites
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,026 · see citing works
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833 · see citing works
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870 · see citing works
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094 · see citing works
The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation
Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908) · Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology · doi:10.1002/cne.920180503 · Cited by 6,911 · see citing works
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2412 · Cited by 3,670 · see citing works
The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior
Easterbrook, J. A. (1959) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0047707 · Cited by 3,090 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The original study examined the performance of mice in a learning task where electric shocks were delivered for incorrect responses and has been used as an analogy to show arousal reducing information processing has an optimum level (Easterbrook, 1959).”
Background(1989) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 2,724 · see citing works
Describing the Sensory Abnormalities of Children and Adults with Autism
Leekam, S. R., Nieto, C., Libby, S. J., Wing, L., & Gould, J. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0218-7 · Cited by 1,140 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The original study examined the performance of mice in a learning task where electric shocks were delivered for incorrect responses and has been used as an analogy to show arousal reducing information processing has an optimum level (Easterbrook, 1959).”
BackgroundCroat, T. B., & Kinslow, P. (2007) · Cited by 1,112 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Ben-Sasson, A., Hen, L., Fluss, R., Cermak, S. A., Engel-Yeger, B., & Gal, E. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3 · Cited by 1,047 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis by Ben-Sasson et al. (2009) found significant evidence for sensory differences between individuals with ASD and both individuals without ASD and individuals with developmental delays and, in particular, noted that the magnitude of these differences was moderated by age.”
BackgroundBaranek, G. T., David, F. J., Poe, M. D., Stone, W. L., & Watson, L. R. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01546.x · Cited by 975 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There is emerging literature suggesting that there are abnormalities across multiple domains (Baranek et al., 2006; Leekam, Nieto, Libby, Wing, & Gould, 2007; Provost, Crowe, Aeree, Osbourn, & McClain, 2009; Rogers, Hepburn, & Wehner, 2003).”
Petruzzello, S. J., Landers, D. M., Hatfield, B. D., Kubitz, K. A., & Salazar, W. (1991) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199111030-00002 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Dunn, W. (1997) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/00001163-199704000-00005 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Can Autism be Detected at 18 Months?
Baron‐Cohen, S., Allen, J., & Gillberg, C. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.161.6.839 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Evaluating the theory of executive dysfunction in autism
Hill, E. L. (2004) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.01.001 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Autism: Explaining the enigma.
Wolff, S. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-3-00211.x · Cited by 822 · see citing works
A Neurological Model for Childhood Autism
Damásio, A. R., & Maurer, R. G. (1978) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1978.00500360001001 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Mindblindness. An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
Povinelli, D. J., & Povinelli, T. J. (1996) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)60013-7 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00276.x · Cited by 705 · see citing works
McClintock, K., Hall, S., & Oliver, C. (2003) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00517.x · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Problem Behavior Interventions for Young Children with Autism: A Research Synthesis
Horner, R. H., Carr, E. G., Strain, P. S., Todd, A. W., & Reed, H. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1020593922901 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
The Sensations of Everyday Life: Empirical, Theoretical, and Pragmatic Considerations
Dunn, W. (2001) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.55.6.608 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Rogers, S. J., Hepburn, S., & Wehner, E. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000006000.38991.a7 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism
Baranek, G. T. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1020541906063 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Rogers, S. J., & Ozonoff, S. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Mothers supporting children with autistic spectrum disorders
Bromley, J., Hare, D. J., Davison, K., & Emerson, E. (2004) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361304047224 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Sensory Processing Subtypes in Autism: Association with Adaptive Behavior
Lane, A. E., Young, R. L., Baker, A. E. Z., & Angley, M. T. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0840-2 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
The pattern of sensory processing abnormalities in autism
Kern, J. K., Trivedi, M. H., Garver, C. R., Grannemann, B. D., Andrews, A. A., Savla, J. S., Johnson, D. G., Mehta, J. A., & Schroeder, J. L. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306066564 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Executive Function Abilities in Autism and Tourette Syndrome: An Information Processing Approach
Ozonoff, S. J., Strayer, D. L., McMahon, W. M., & Filloux, F. M. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01807.x · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Happe, F. G. E. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01483.x · Cited by 491 · see citing works
A randomised controlled trial of a CBT intervention for anxiety in children with Asperger syndrome
Sofronoff, K., Attwood, T., & Hinton, S. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00411.x · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Sensory and attention abnormalities in autistic spectrum disorders
Liss, M., Saulnier, C., Fein, D., & Kinsbourne, M. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306062021 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
The adult sensory profile: measuring patterns of sensory processing.
Brown, C., Tollefson, N., Dunn, W., Cromwell, R., & Filion, D. (2001) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.55.1.75 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Positive Behavior Support for People with Developmental Disabilities: A Research Synthesis
Carr, E. G., Horner, R. H., Turnbull, A. P., Marquis, J. G., McLaughlin, D. M., McAtee, M. L., Smith, C. E., Ryan, K. A., Ruef, M. B., Doolabh, A., et al. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Rajendran, G., & Mitchell, P. (2007) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.02.001 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Sensory integration and the perceptual experience of persons with autism
Iarocci, G., & McDonald, J. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0044-3 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
The Complete Guide to Asperger’s Syndrome
Attwood, T. (2007) · Jessica Kingsley Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781805014300 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Autonomic responses of autistic children to people and objects
Hirstein, W., Iversen, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2001) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1724 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Covert expectation-of-reward in rat ventral striatum at decision points
van der Meer, M. A. A. (2009) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.07.001.2009 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Sensory-Perceptual Abnormalities in Autism: A Case For More Research?
O'Neill, M., & Jones, R. S. P. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025850431170 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
High-Functioning Individuals with Autism
Schopler, E., & Mesibov, G. B. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2456-8 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Grandin, T. (1992) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.1992.2.63 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Hanoch, Y., & Vitouch, O. (2004) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354304044918 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Vollmer, T. R. (1994) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/0891-4222(94)90011-6 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Wiggins, L. D., Robins, D. L., Bakeman, R., & Adamson, L. B. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0711-x · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Affective and physiological responses to environmental noises and music
Gomez, P., & Danuser, B. (2004) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.02.002 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Inhibitory control in children with autism Spectrum disorder
Christ, S. E., Holt, D. D., White, D. A., & Green, L. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0259-y · Cited by 245 · see citing works
PNEUMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN THE INFANTILE AUTISM SYNDROME
Hauser, S. L., DeLong, G. R., & Rosman, N. P. (1975) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/98.4.667 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Sensory Processing Issues Associated With Asperger Syndrome: A Preliminary Investigation
Dunn, W., Myles, B. S., & Orr, S. (2002) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.56.1.97 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Bogdashina, O., Lawson, W., & Peeters, T. (2003) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Hutt, C., Hutt, S. J., LEE, D., & Ounsted, C. (1964) · Nature · doi:10.1038/204908a0 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Lang, R., Regester, A., Lauderdale, S., Ashbaugh, K., & Haring, A. (2010) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518420903236288 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Communication-Based Intervention for Problem Behavior: A User's Guide for Producing Positive Change
Carr, E. G. (1994) · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Cheung, P. P. P., & Siu, A. M. H. (2009) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.07.009 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Schoen, S. A. (2009) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.07.029.2009 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The influence of vigorous versus mild exercise on autistic stereotyped behaviors
Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., & Dunlap, G. (1984) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02408555 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Grandin, T. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2456-8_6 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
THE USE OF PHYSICAL RESTRAINT IN THE TREATMENT OF SELF‐INJURY AND AS POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Favell, J. E., McGimsey, J. F., & Jones, M. L. (1978) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-225 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Jansen, L. M. C., Gispen-de Wied, C. C., Wiegant, V. M., Westenberg, H. G. M., Lahuis, B. E., & van Engeland, H. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0124-z · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Rosenthal-Malek, A. L., & Mitchell, S. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025848009248 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Snoezelen: an overview of research with people with developmental disabilities and dementia
Lancioni, G. E., Cuvo, A. J., & O’Reilly, M. F. (2002) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280110074911 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Carr, J. E., Coriaty, S., Wilder, D. A., Gaunt, B. T., Dozier, C. L., Britton, L. N., Avina, C., & Reed, C. L. (2000) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/s0891-4222(00)00050-0 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
A mindfulness-based strategy for self-management of aggressive behavior in adolescents with autism
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Manikam, R., Winton, A. S. W., Singh, A. N. A., Singh, J., & Singh, A. D. A. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.12.012 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Fish, R., & Culshaw, E. (2005) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629505049726 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome: A Guide for Practitioners and Carers
Howlin, P. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Dickie, V. A., Baranek, G. T., Schultz, B., Watson, L. R., & McComish, C. (2009) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.63.2.172 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Arousal in Individuals With Autism
Goodwin, M. S., Groden, J., Velicer, W. F., Lipsitt, L. P., Baron, M. G., Hofmann, S. G., & Groden, G. (2006) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576060210020101 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Analysis of environmental determinants of aggression and disruption in mentally retarded children
Mace, F. C., Page, T. J., Ivancic, M. T., & O'Brien, S. (1986) · Applied Research in Mental Retardation · doi:10.1016/0270-3092(86)90006-8 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Rules of engagement: Toward an analysis of staff responses to challenging behavior
Hastings, R. P., & Remington, B. (1994) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/0891-4222(94)90008-6 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Learning from tragedy: A survey of child and adolescent restraint fatalities
Nunno, M. A., Holden, M. J., & Tollar, A. (2006) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.02.015 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
A Real Person: Life on the Outside
Gerland, G., & Tate, J. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Brain arousal and information theory: neural and genetic mechanisms
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5280 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
JOHNSON, S. A., YECHIAM, E., MURPHY, R. R., QUELLER, S., & STOUT, J. C. (2006) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617706060802 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Genetic contributions to generalized arousal of brain and behavior
Garey, J. D., Goodwillie, A., Fröhlich, J., Morgan, M. A., Gustafsson, J.-Α., Smithies, O., Korach, K. S., Ogawa, S., & Pfaff, D. W. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1633773100 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
TREATMENT EFFICACY OF NONCONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT DURING BRIEF AND EXTENDED APPLICATION
Lindberg, J. S., Iwata, B. A., Roscoe, E. M., Worsdell, A. S., & Hanley, G. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2003.36-1 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Impact of Stress and Anxiety on Individuals with Autism and Developmental Disabilities
Groden, J., Cautela, J. R., Prince, S. E., & Berryman, J. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9400-7_9 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Shapiro, M., Parush, S., Green, M. S., & Roth, D. (1997) · The British Journal of Mental Subnormality · doi:10.1179/bjdd.1997.014 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Harris, J. (1996) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/0891-4222(95)00036-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Brief Report: Assessment of Sensory Abnormalities in People with Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Harrison, J., & Hare, D. J. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-5293-z · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Allison, D. B., Basile, V. C., & MacDonald, R. B. (1991) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02207001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Cognitive–Behavioural Intervention for People with Intellectual Disability and Anxiety Disorders
Dagnan, D., & Jahoda, A. J. (2006) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2005.00283.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Views of nursing staff on the use of physical restraint
LEE, S., Gray, R. J., Gournay, K., Wright, S., Parr, A., & SAYER, J. (2003) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00625.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Severe Problem Behaviors Related to Social Interaction
Taylor, J. C., & Carr, E. G. (1992) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455920163002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Feldman, M. A., Atkinson, L. R., Foti‐Gervais, L., & Condillac, R. A. (2003) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2004.00578.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Molina, E. J., Sage, M., Brown, S., & Groeneweg, J. (2004) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2003.08.003 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The effects of increased physical exercise on disruptive behavior in retarded persons
McGimsey, J. F., & Favell, J. E. (1988) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02211944 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
ROLE OF SUGGESTION IN ODOR-INDUCED MOOD CHANGE
Campenni, C. E., Crawley, E. J., & Meier, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.94.3c.1127-1136 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Tordjman, S., Antoine, C., Cohen, D. J., Gauvain‐Piquard, A., Carlier, M., Roubertoux, P. L., & Ferrari, P. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Catatonia in autism: a distinct subtype?
Ghaziuddin, M., QUINLAN, P. E., & Ghaziuddin, N. (2004) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00666.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Staff beliefs about the challenging behaviors of children and adults with mental retardation
Hastings, R. P. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00050-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Stress Inoculation Training for Coping with Stressors
Meichenbaum, D. H. (1996) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e555362011-002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cunningham, J., McDonnell, A., Easton, S., & Sturmey, P. (2003) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/s0891-4222(03)00044-1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal electrodermal reactivity to novel visual stimuli in autistic children
van Engeland, H., Roelofs, J. W., Verbaten, M. N., & Slangen, J. L. (1991) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90050-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Severe Problem Behaviors Related to Social Interaction
Taylor, J. C., & Carr, E. G. (1992) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455920163003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Autism: A disorder of directed attention.
Ornitz, E. M. (1988) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Response to vestibular sensory events in autism
Kern, J. K., Garver, C. R., Grannemann, B. D., Trivedi, M. H., Carmody, T. J., Andrews, A. A., & Mehta, J. A. (2006) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2006.07.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Functional Assessment and Challenging Behaviors: Some Future Directions
Hastings, R. P., & Brown, T. (2000) · Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities · doi:10.2511/rpsd.25.4.229 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Do Repetitive Movement Patterns in Children and Animals Serve a Dearousing Function?
Kinsbourne, M. (1980) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-198003000-00009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
For Our Own Safety: Examining the Safety of High-Risk Interventions for Children and Young People.
Nunno, M., Day, D. M., & Bullard, L. (2008) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Toogood, S., & Timlin, K. (1996) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.1996.tb00110.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Althaus, M., van Roon, A. M., Mulder, L. J. M., Mulder, G., Aarnoudse, C. C., & Minderaa, R. B. (2004) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00252.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Aggressive Behaviour: Definition, Assessment, Treatment
Gardner, W. I., & Moffatt, C. W. (1990) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540269009028275 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
McDonnell, A., & Sturmey, P. (2000) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/s0891-4222(00)00026-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationAllen, D. N. (2002) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
O'Brien, J. M. D., Tsermentseli, S. K., Cummins, O., Happe, F. G. E., Heaton, P. F., & Spencer, J. V. (2009) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430701567926 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Reich, J. W., & Zautra, A. (2002) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1021773013487 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Acceptability of Physical Restraint Procedures for People with a Learning Difficulty
McDonnell, A., Sturmey, P., & Dearden, B. (1993) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580001050x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationManaging Aggressive Behaviour in Care Settings: Understanding and Applying Low Arousal Approaches
Unwin, G. (2012) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01520.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Characterization of Multisensory Environments: Why Do Teachers Use Them?
Stephenson, J. R. (2002) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1046/j.1360-2322.2002.00102.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Autism: tactile perception and emotion
Pernon, É., Pry, R., & Baghdadli, A. (2007) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00931.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Autism, brain, and environment
Lathe, R. (2006) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Model of Positive Behavioral Support for Individuals with Autism and Their Families
Becker-Cottrill, B., McFarland, J., & Anderson, V. A. (2003) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/108835760301800205 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
My many mistakes with microcomputers.
Mayer, R. E. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.35.1.117 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Coping with violent situations in the caring environment
McDonnell, A., McEvoy, J., & Dearden, R. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2863-4_11 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationYour Child Is Asleep: Early Infantile Autism. The Dorsey Series in Psychology.
DesLauriers, A. M., & Carlson, C. F. (1969) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Analysis of heart rate and self-injury with and without restraint in an individual with autism
Jennett, H. K., Hagopian, L. P., & Beaulieu, L. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.12.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A cognitive behaviour therapy intervention for anxiety in children with Asperger's syndrome
Sofronoff, K., & Attwood, T. (2003) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Les modes d'expression de la douleur chez l'enfant autiste : étude comparée
Pernon, E., & Rattaz, C. (2003) · Devenir · doi:10.3917/dev.033.0263 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Physical abuse and physical interventions in learning disabilities: an element of risk?
Baker, P. A., & Allen, D. G. (2001) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/14668203200100011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sensory Behaviors of Preschool Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorders
Provost, B., Crowe, T. K., Acree, K., Osbourn, P. L., & McClain, C. (2009) · New Zealand journal of occupational therapy · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Developing a perspective on restraint and the least intrusive intervention
Paterson, B. (2006) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2006.15.22.22562 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Allison, Basile, & Macdonald, M. (1991) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02207336 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
McDonnell, A., Reeves, S., Johnson, A., & Lane, A. (1998) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465898000174 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationHeaton, P. F. (2007) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-357x.2007.00465_4.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 128 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Autistic SPACE: a novel framework for meeting the needs of autistic people in healthcare settings
Doherty, M., McCowan, S., & Shaw, S. C. (2023) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2023.0006 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“This commonly leads to a misfocus on ‘challenging behaviour’ – particularly for autistic people who do not use speech to communicate, or those with co-occurring intellectual disabilities (McDonnell et al, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialToward trauma-informed applications of behavior analysis.
Rajaraman, A., Austin, J. L., Gover, H. C., Cammilleri, A., Donnelly, D. R., & Hanley, G. P. (2021) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.881 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Autistic Perspectives on the Future of Clinical Autism Research
Pukki, H., Bettin, J., Outlaw, A., Hennessy, J., Brook, K., Dekker, M., Doherty, M., Shaw, S. C. K., Bervoets, J., Rudolph, S., et al. (2022) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0017 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Baranek, G. T., Woynaroski, T. G., Nowell, S. W., Turner‐Brown, L., DuBay, M. F., Crais, E. R., & Watson, L. R. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.006 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Smart tourism destination experiences: The mediating impact of arousal levels
JianYing, W., Xie, C., Huang, Q., & Morrison, A. M. (2020) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100707 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Baddam, S. K. R., Canapari, C. A., van Noordt, S. J. R., & Crowley, M. J. (2018) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci6020046 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A Good Night’s Sleep: Learning About Sleep From Autistic Adolescents’ Personal Accounts
Pavlopoulou, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.583868 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bellemans, T., Didden, R., van Busschbach, J. T., Hoek, P. T. A. P., Scheffers, M., Lang, R. B., & Lindsay, W. R. (2017) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2017.1326590 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Alban, A. Q., Alhaddad, A. Y., Al-Ali, A. K., So, W., Connor, O., Ayesh, M., Qidwai, U. A., & Cabibihan, J. (2023) · Robotics · doi:10.3390/robotics12020055 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Alban, A. Q., Ayesh, M., Alhaddad, A. Y., Al-Ali, A. K., So, W., Connor, O., & Cabibihan, J. (2021) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man50785.2021.9515459 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hassiotis, A., & Rudra, S. (2022) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2022.28 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rizzo, R., & Pavone, P. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2016.1211007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bruno, N., Richardson, A., Kauffeldt, K. D., Tomasone, J. R., Arbour‐Nicitopoulos, K. P., & Latimer‐Cheung, A. E. (2022) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12982 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kildahl, A. N., Bakken, T. L., Matre, E., Hellerud, J. M. A., Engebretsen, M. H., & Helverschou, S. B. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2020.1850160 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kay, J. J., Clegg, J. A., Emck, C., & Standen, P. (2015) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2015.1094037 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
ter Harmsel, J. F., Noordzij, M. L., van der Pol, T. M., Swinkels, L. T. A., Goudriaan, A. E., & Popma, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.983286 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bellemans, T., Didden, R., Visser, R., Schaafsma, D., Totsika, V., & van Busschbach, J. T. (2018) · Body Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/17432979.2018.1471006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ballantyne, C. J., Wilson, C., Toye, M. K., & Gillespie‐Smith, K. (2022) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2022.2036829 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Anxiety during transition from primary to secondary schools in neurodivergent children
Sideropoulos, V., Palikara, O., Burchell, E., Ashworth, M., & Herwegen, J. V. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12262 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gillies-Walker, L., Ramzan, N., Rankin, J., Nimbley, E., & Gillespie‐Smith, K. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05392-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Meanings of carers’ lived experience of “regulating oneself” in forensic psychiatry
Hammarström, L., Devik, S. A., Häggström, M., & Hellzèn, O. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2022.2094088 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Biesen, D. V., Marin‐Urquiza, A., McCulloch, K., & Damme, T. V. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12816 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stanborough, M. A., Stanborough, M., Berger, E., Warren, J., Allen, K., & Leif, E. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108321 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
What should services for people with autism look like?
Povey, C. (2015) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-05-2015-0005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Weber, A.-S., Barbini, C. M., Vidal, O., Ferrari, L. M., Thellier, D., Derreumaux, A., Ismailova, E., Askenazy-Gittard, F., & Thümmler, S. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25072009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
In need of review: Developing Sensory Provision in Northern Ireland’s Mainstream Primary classrooms
Beck, G. J., O'Connor, Ú., Gracey, J., Kelly, G., & Walsh, G. (2021) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12519 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cortisol Responsivity to Social Play in Children with Autism: A Systematic Review
Alagendran, K., Hitch, D., Wadley, C., & Stagnitti, K. E. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2019.1604285 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Support Needs of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Implications for Their Assessment
Guillén, V. M., Alonso, M. Á. V., Jiménez, P., Aguayo, V., & Amor, A. M. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13100793 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Developing an online improv comedy course: an action research study
Keates, N. (2024) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601370.2024.2344588 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Low arousal approaches to manage behaviours of concern
McDonnell, A., & Deveau, R. (2018) · Learning Disability Practice · doi:10.7748/ldp.2018.e1882 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSensory Modulation: a Window to Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms Among Children
Yung, T. W. K. (2021) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-021-00238-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stress and coping strategies in people with ASDs during the Covid-19 pandemic: A study report
Hamerlińska, A., Błeszyński, J. J., Rumińska, A., & Stefańska-Klar, R. (2023) · Journal of Modern Science · doi:10.13166/jms/168977 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Anxiety During Employment-Seeking for Autistic Adults
Hildebrandt, T., Simpson, K., & Adams, D. (2024) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci15010019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Basal Sympathetic Nervous System Functioning in Autism: A Systematic Review of Neurochemical Studies
Neupane, K., Pillalamarri, S., & Anderson, G. M. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07105-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koesdiningsih, T., Basoeki, L., Febriyana, N., & Maramis, M. M. (2019) · Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi · doi:10.20473/jbe.v7i12019.77-84 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sexual abuse in individuals with intellectual disability
Smit, M. J. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.323 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neural microexons modulate arousal states via cAMP signalling in zebrafishPreprint
Mackensen, T., Iñiguez, L., Mullen, T. S., Rodríguez-Marin, C., Kroll, F., Zuccarini, G., Fernández‐Albert, J., Sancho-Vila, L., Permanyer, J., Bianco, I. H., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.24.650407 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Update in Development: Section B—Autism Spectrum Disorder
Smith, R. G., & Samdup, D. Z. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58027-2_7
Raising awareness of autistic spectrum disorders for healthcare assistants
Hayes, C., Alcorn, L., & Graham, Y. N. H. (2018) · British Journal of Healthcare Assistants · doi:10.12968/bjha.2018.12.11.550
Considering autistic spectrum disorders in the context of clinical nurse prescribing
Hayes, C., Alcorn, L., & Graham, Y. N. H. (2018) · Nurse Prescribing · doi:10.12968/npre.2018.16.11.534
Czapla, K., & Krzysztofik, K. (2019) · Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Psychologica · doi:10.24917/20845596.12.10
Helping People Who Become Distressed: Attachment and Psychomotor Therapy
Clegg, J. A., & Lansdall-Welfare, R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57945-5_4
Christensen, J. S., Schoen, S. A., Robertson, H., Ca, H., Givens, R., Markarian, K., & Lillas, C. (2026) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2026.2638313
Selvaraj, J., & Sindhu, N. (2026) · Health Information Science and Systems · doi:10.1007/s13755-026-00444-z
Romani, P. W., D’Mello, S. K., Moulder, R., & Berkowitz, L. N. (2026) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-026-00497-1
Bergmann, T. (2026) · Musiktherapeutische Umschau · doi:10.13109/muum.2026.47.2.177
Smith, C. E., Frank‐Crawford, M. A., McGarry, K. M., Han, J. B., & Peters, K. P. (2026) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-026-10103-6
- Authors
- McDonnell, A., McCreadie, M., Mills, R., Deveau, R., Anker, R., & Hayden, J.
- Affiliations
- Bond University (AU)
- University of Kent (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deveau, Roy
- ORCID
- Deveau, Roy
- Venue
- Research in Developmental Disabilities
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 311-322
- ISSN
- 0891-4222 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1994565927
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 0.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research in Developmental Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- physiological arousal, behavioral problems, autism spectrum disorder, sensory reactivity, hyperarousal, hypoarousal, noncontingent reinforcement, antecedent control, physical interventions, sensory differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review