Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR)
Abstract
The latent structure, reliability and validity of the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR) (Neil et al., 2009) were examined in a sample of participants with experience of psychosis (N=335). The original two factor model proposed by Neil et al. (2009) was examined using exploratory factor analysis followed by a further independent exploratory factor analysis to test revised solutions. Model fit statistics indicated that the most interpretable solution was a one factor model using 15 items from the original measure. Internal consistency, test re-test reliability and convergent validity of this new 15 item version were found to be high. Recommendations for the utility of the QPR in routine clinical practice along with suggestions for future research are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
When used to measure outcomes of the Active in My Home (AiMH) lifestyle intervention for people living in supported housing, significant improvements in activity engagement measured by POES and personal recovery measured by QPR between baseline and completion were reported.
“Further, when used to measure the outcomes of a lifestyle intervention, Active in My Home (AiMH), for people living in supported housing, significant improvements in activity engagement measured by POES and personal recovery measured by QPR (59, 60) between baseline and completion of the AiMH intervention were reported (51).”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
QPR-15 has high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity.
“Its psychometric properties, specifically its internal consistency, test re-test reliability, and convergent validity, were found to be high [60, 61].”
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378 · see citing works
The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037562 · Cited by 5,494 · see citing works
Leamy, M., Bird, V., Boutillier, C. L., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2011) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083733 · Cited by 3,038 · see citing works
A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701003312 · Cited by 1,546 · see citing works
Recovery: the lived experience of rehabilitation
Deegan, P. E. (1988) · Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/h0099565 · Cited by 1,541 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Items on the QPR were consistent with key themes identified in the recovery literature, such as hope, meaning, empowerment, connectedness, identity and external support (Deegan, 1988; Leete, 1989; Mead and Copeland, 2000; Ralph, 2000; Ridgeway, 2001; Pitt et al., 2007; Leamy et al., 2011),which supports the face valid…”
BackgroundMethodHADDOCK, G., McCARRON, J., TARRIER, N., & FARAGHER, E. B. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008661 · Cited by 1,461 · see citing works
A depression rating scale for schizophrenics
Addington, D. E., Addington, J., & Schıssel, B. (1990) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(90)90005-r · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
Morosini, P. L., Magliano, L., Brambilla, L., Ugolini, S., & Pioli, R. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 1,168 · see citing works
Morosini, P. L., Magliano, L., Brambilla, L., Ugolini, S., & Pioli, R. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101004323.x · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics
Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90038-8 · Cited by 1,007 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of a depression rating scale for schizophrenics
Addington, D., Addington, J., Maticka-Tyndale, E., & Joyce, J. (1992) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(92)90003-n · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Impact of patient‐reported outcome measures on routine practice: a structured review
Marshall, S., Haywood, K., & Fitzpatrick, R. (2006) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2006.00650.x · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Bellack, A. S. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj044 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Connecting neurosis and psychosis: the direct influence of emotion on delusions and hallucinations
Freeman, D. H., & Garety, P. A. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00104-3 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Smith, B., Fowler, D. G., Freeman, D. H., Bebbington, P., Bashforth, H., Garety, P. A., Dunn, G., & Kuipers, E. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.018 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Self-citationReStorying psychiatric disability: Learning from first person recovery narratives.
Ridgway, P. (2001) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/h0095071 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The factor structure for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in recent-onset psychosis
Emsley, R. A., Rabinowitz, J., & Torreman, M. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00302-x · Cited by 387 · see citing works
What Recovery Means to Us: Consumers' Perspectives
Mead, S., & Copeland, M. E. (2000) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1023/a:1001917516869 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Neil, S. T., Kilbride, M., Pitt, L., Nothard, S., Welford, M., Sellwood, W., & Morrison, A. P. (2009) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522430902913450 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasures of Personal Recovery: A Systematic Review
Shanks, V., Williams, J., Leamy, M., Bird, V. J., Le Boutillier, C., & Slade, M. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.005012012 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Morrison, A. P., Turkington, D., Pyle, M., Spencer, H. M., Brabban, A., Dunn, G., Christodoulides, T., Dudley, R. E. J., Chapman, N., Callcott, P., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62246-1 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationA new five factor model of schizophrenia
Lindenmayer, J., Bernstein-Hyman, R., & Grochowski, S. (1994) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/bf02354306 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Nasrallah, H., Morosini, P., & Gagnon, D. D. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.11.012 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
How I Perceive and Manage My Illness
Leete, E. (1989) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/15.2.197 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
An empirical conceptualization of the recovery orientation
Resnick, S. G., FONTANA, A. F., Lehman, A. F., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.009 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
New Horizons: A shared vision for mental health
Billeter, J. (2009) · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Researching recovery from psychosis: a user-led project
Pitt, L., Kilbride, M., Nothard, S., Welford, M., & Morrison, A. P. (2007) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.105.008532 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationLecomte, T., Corbière, M., & Laisné, F. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.019 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The cognitive-behavioural treatment of low self-esteem in psychotic patients: A pilot study
Hall, P. L., & Tarrier, N. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00013-x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Drake, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Bentall, R., & Lewis, S. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.024 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The future of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis: not a quasi-neuroleptic
Birchwood, M., & Trower, P. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.014985 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The construction and characteristics of an instrument to measure personal hopefulness
Nunn, K., Lewin, T. J., Walton, J. M., & Carr, V. J. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700035613 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The cognitive behavioural prevention of suicide in psychosis: A clinical trial
Tarrier, N., KELLY, J. A., Maqsood, S., Snelson, N., Maxwell, J., Law, H., Dunn, G., & Gooding, P. A. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.029 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationSlade, M., Bird, V. J., Boutillier, C. L., Williams, J., McCrone, P., & Leamy, M. C. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-185 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
An item-response theory evaluation of the Beck Hopelessness Scale
Young, M. A., Halper, I. S., Clark, D. C., Scheftner, W. A., & FAWCETT, J. A. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01175143 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Torgalsbøen, A. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00077-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kawata, A. K., & Revicki, D. A. (2008) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-008-9400-z · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Beck Hopelessness Scale
Dyce, J. A. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199609)52:5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Recovery from psychosis: a user informed review of self-report instruments for measuring recovery
Law, H., Morrison, A. P., Byrne, R. E., & Hodson, E. (2012) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2012.670885 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationRalph, R. O. (2000) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills · doi:10.1080/10973430008408634 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Developing Treatments of Persistent Persecutory Delusions
Hepworth, C., Startup, H. M., & Freeman, D. H. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318229cfa8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chien, W. T., & Chan, C. Y. Z. (2013) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21549 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Editorial: Understanding and Measuring Recovery
Essock, S. M., & Sederer, L. I. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn185 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
WARNER, R. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1651 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Morrison, A. P., Turkington, D., Pyle, M., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(14)70242-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Van Eck, R. M., Burger, T. J., Vellinga, A., Schirmbeck, F., & de Haan, L. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx088 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Wood, L., Byrne, R., Varese, F., & Morrison, A. P. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationMorrison, A. P., Burke, E., Murphy, E., Pyle, M., Bowe, S., Varese, F., Dunn, G., Chapman, N., Hutton, P., Welford, M., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.024 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Longitudinal predictors of subjective recovery in psychosis
Law, H., Shryane, N., Bentall, R. P., & Morrison, A. P. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158428 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationWood, L., Byrne, R., Enache, G., & Morrison, A. P. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.030 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationWaite, F., Černis, E., Kabir, T., Iredale, E., Johns, L., Maughan, D., Diamond, R., Seddon, R., Williams, N., Yu, L.-M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00203-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Argentzell, E., Hultqvist, J., Neil, S., & Eklund, M. (2017) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2017.1346144 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationSkar-Fröding, R., Clausen, H. K., Šaltytė Benth, J., Ruud, T., Slade, M., & Sverdvik Heiervang, K. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06409-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ma, R., Wang, J., Lloyd-Evans, B., Marston, L., & Johnson, S. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03430-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lim, M., Li, Z., Xie, H., Tan, B. L., & Lee, J. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2238-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kanehara, A., Kotake, R., Miyamoto, Y., Kumakura, Y., Morita, K., Ishiura, T., Shimizu, K., Fujieda, Y., Ando, S., Kondo, S., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1520-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Eklund, M., & Tjörnstrand, C. (2020) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2019.1620121 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wood, L., Williams, C., Pinfold, V., Nolan, F., Morrison, A. P., Morant, N., Lloyd-Evans, B., Lewis, G., Lay, B., Jones, R., et al. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01160-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationEklund, M., Argentzell, E., Bejerholm, U., Brunt, D., & Tjörnstrand, C. (2020) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0308022619888872 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kvestad, C. A., Holte, I. R., Reitan, S. K., Chiappa, C. S., Helle, G. K., Skjervold, A. E., Rosenlund, A. M. A., Watne, Ø., Brattland, H., Helle, J., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08028-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Its psychometric properties, specifically its internal consistency, test re-test reliability, and convergent validity, were found to be high [60, 61].”
BackgroundContributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review
Fossey, E., Doroud, N., Harvey, C. A., Dun, C., Hitch, D., Farnworth, L., & Krupa, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1461705 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…the outcomes of a lifestyle intervention, Active in My Home (AiMH), for people living in supported housing, signi fi cant improvements in activity engagement measured by POES and personal recovery measured by QPR (59, 60) between baseline and completion of the AiMH intervention were reported (51).”
Method
- Authors
- Law, H., Neil, S. T., Dunn, G., & Morrison, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Law, Heather
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 156
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 184-189
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2115041319
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 5.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0606-1086)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Keywords
- psychosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Recovery of Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review