The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Elevated hair cortisol is associated with childhood maltreatment and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and in bipolar disorders
Open accessAbstract
Background The neural diathesis-stress model is useful to understand schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar (BD) disorders. Childhood maltreatment could affect the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA)-axis and lead to chronic changes in stress-sensitivity, which can be measured with hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), representing long-term, cumulative cortisol levels. Here we investigated if childhood trauma experiences are associated with chronic changes in the HPA axis in severe mental disorders. Methods Participants with SZ or BD (N = 63) and healthy controls (N = 94) were included, and HCC was measured by ELISA. History of childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Global function and symptom levels were obtained using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). A neuropsychological test battery (MATRICS) was performed to assess cognitive functions. Results Our study shows for the first time that patients with a history of childhood maltreatment have higher HCC relative to both healthy controls and patients without a history of childhood maltreatment (P = 0.01, ƞp 2 = 0.046). In addition, patients experiencing a mood episode had higher HCC than patients in remission (P = 0.03). Lastly, we are the first to show that patients with higher HCC had poorer cognitive performance, specifically working memory (P = 0.01). All associations were irrespective of diagnostic group. A factor anal…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The same group also found elevated long term hair cortisol in those patients with a history of childhood maltreatment (174).”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [174]
In the citing paper
“Using a stable marker of cortisol concentration over several months (hair), cortisol was elevated in a study of patients with schizophrenia (n = 28) who had a history of childhood maltreatment (174).”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [174]
Citations
Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): I: History, Rationale, and Description
Spitzer, R. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005 · Cited by 4,336
Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 · Cited by 3,577
Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., Read, J., van Os, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050 · Cited by 2,436
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity
Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Baade, L. E., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J. D., Essock, S., Fenton, W. S., Frese, F. J., Gold, J. M., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042 · Cited by 2,342
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 · Cited by 2,323
The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments
Pariante, C. M., & Lightman, S. L. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.006 · Cited by 2,009 · cited 1×
“Interestingly a crucial effect of the HPA axis activity on the brain is via the glucocorticoids, which regulate the neuronal survival and neurogenesis in the hippocampus (Pariante and Lightman, 2008).”
BackgroundThe essentials of factor analysis
Child, D. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,652
Russell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M., & Van Uum, S. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009 · Cited by 1,063
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive flexibility — linking memory and mood
Anacker, C., & Hen, R. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.45 · Cited by 1,014
Schizophrenia: A neural diathesis-stress model.
Walker, E. F., & Diforio, D. (1997) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.104.4.667 · Cited by 930
Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: a meta-analysis
Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Miller, R. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017 · Cited by 855 · cited 1×
“This long-term cortisol hypersecretion emerges particularly when stress is still ongoing at the time of study (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAnalysis of cortisol in hair – State of the art and future directions
Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.002 · Cited by 835
Paradise lost: the neurobiological and clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect
Nemeroff, C. B. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019 · Cited by 768
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization
Kern, R. S., Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Baade, L. E., Fenton, W. S., Gold, J. M., Keefe, R. S. E., Mesholam-Gately, R., Mintz, J., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010043 · Cited by 744
Selective Retention of Corticosterone by Limbic Structures in Rat Brain
McEwen, B. S., Weiss, J. M., & Schwartz, L. S. (1968) · Nature · doi:10.1038/220911a0 · Cited by 713
The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death
Sapolsky, R. M. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00971-9 · Cited by 699
Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Dutton, M. A. (2008) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.006 · Cited by 685
Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results
Wennig, R. (2000) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00146-2 · Cited by 677
Velakoulis, D., Wood, S., Wong, M., McGorry, P., Yung, A., Phillips, L., Smith, D., Brewer, W., Proffitt, T., Desmond, P., et al. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.139 · Cited by 630
The Essentials of Factor Analysis.
Williams, J. S., & Child, D. (1974) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2061984 · Cited by 622
Cortical Thickness and Subcortical Volumes in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Rimol, L. M., Hartberg, C. B., Nesvåg, R., Fennema‐Notestine, C., Hagler, D. J., Pung, C. J., Jennings, R. G., Haukvik, U. K., Lange, E., Nakstad, P., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.036 · Cited by 469
Self-citationGeneralizability studies of the Global Assessment of Functioning–Split version
Pedersen, G., Hagtvet, K. A., & Karterud, S. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.03.008 · Cited by 446
MacDonald, K. S., Thomas, M. L., Sciolla, A., Schneider, B., Pappas, K., Bleijenberg, G., Bohus, M., Bradley, B., Carpenter, L. L., Carr, A., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146058 · Cited by 374
The role of childhood trauma in bipolar disorders
Aas, M., Henry, C., Andreassen, O. A., Bellivier, F., Melle, I. S., & Étain, B. (2016) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-015-0042-0 · Cited by 373
Self-citationPruessner, M., Cullen, A. E., Aas, M., & Walker, E. F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.013 · Cited by 315
Self-citationThe role of DNA methylation in stress-related psychiatric disorders
Klengel, T., Pape, J., Binder, E. B., & Mehta, D. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.013 · Cited by 309
Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Hepgul, N., Di Forti, M., Aas, M., D'Albenzio, A., Di Nicola, M., Fisher, H., Handley, R., Marques, T. R., et al. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.013 · Cited by 278
Self-citationWolf, O. T. (2003) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1521-690x(02)00101-x · Cited by 231
Allostatic load and biological anthropology
Edes, A. N., & Crews, D. E. (2017) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23146 · Cited by 130
Cell proliferation is reduced in the hippocampus in schizophrenia
Allen, K. M., Fung, S. J., & Weickert, C. S. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415589793 · Cited by 111
Aas, M., Haukvik, U. K., Djurovic, S., Tesli, M., Athanasiu, L., Bjella, T. D., Hansson, L. J., Cattaneo, A., Agartz, I., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.011 · Cited by 111
Self-citationDevelopment and validation of a new instrument to assess lifetime trauma and victimization history
Widom, C. S., Dutton, M. A., Czaja, S. J., & Dumont, K. A. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20060 · Cited by 99
Aas, M., Andreassen, O. A., Aminoff, S. R., Færden, A., Romm, K. L., Nesvåg, R., Berg, A. O., Simonsen, C., Agartz, I., & Melle, I. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0827-4 · Cited by 88
Self-citationChildhood Trauma and Minimization/Denial in People with and without a Severe Mental Disorder
Church, C., Andreassen, O. A., Lorentzen, S., Melle, I. S., & Aas, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01276 · Cited by 76
Self-citationMacDonald, K. S., Thomas, M. L., MacDonald, T. M., & Sciolla, A. (2014) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514539761 · Cited by 65
An evaluation of a stress management program for individuals with schizophrenia
NORMAN, R., MALLA, A. K., McLean, T. S., McIntosh, E., NEUFELD, R., Voruganti, L. P., & Cortese, L. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00371-1 · Cited by 63
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increase during treatment in severe mental illness inpatients
Nuernberg, G. L., de Aguiar, B. W., Bristot, G., Fleck, M. P. D. A., & da Rocha, N. S. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.227 · Cited by 58
Perceived stress and hair cortisol: Differences in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Streit, F., Memić, A., Hasandedic-Dapo, L., Rietschel, L., Frank, J., Lang, M., Witt, S. H., Forstner, A. J., Degenhardt, F., Wüst, S., et al. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.03.010 · Cited by 55
Aas, M., Dieset, I., Mørch, R. H., Steen, N. E., Hope, S., Reponen, E. J., Laskemoen, J. F., Ueland, T., Aukrust, P., Melle, I. S., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.007 · Cited by 41
Self-citationHair cortisol in drug-naïve first-episode individuals with psychosis
Andrade, E. H. S., Rizzo, L. B., Noto, C. D. S., Ota, V., Gadelha, A., Daruy-Filho, L., Tasso, B. D. C., Mansur, R. B., Cordeiro, Q., Belangero, S. I., et al. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1634 · Cited by 24
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The HPA axis dysregulation in severe mental illness: Can we shift the blame to gut microbiota?
Misiak, B., Łoniewski, I., Marlicz, W., Frydecka, D., Szulc, A., Rudzki, L., & Samochowiec, J. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109951 · Cited by 343
Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis
Murphy, F., Nasa, A., Cullinane, D., Raajakesary, K., Gazzaz, A., Sooknarine, V., Haines, M., Roman, E., Kelly, L., O'Neill, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.748372 · Cited by 181
“Using a stable marker of cortisol concentration over several months (hair), cortisol was elevated in a study of patients with schizophrenia (n = 28) who had a history of childhood maltreatment (174).”
BackgroundOrtega, M. A., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Monserrat, J., Martinez-Rozas, L., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Álvarez‐Mon, M., & Lahera, G. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01964-w · Cited by 137
Hair cortisol concentrations in mental disorders: A systematic review
Koumantarou Malisiova, E., Mourikis, I., Darviri, C., Nicolaides, N. C., Zervas, I. M., Papageorgiou, C., & Chrousos, G. P. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113244 · Cited by 99
Karcher, N., Niendam, T., & Barch, D. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.045 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Aas, M., Pizzagalli, D. A., Laskemoen, J. F., Reponen, E. J., Ueland, T., Melle, I., Agartz, I., Steen, N. E., & Andreassen, O. A.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aas, Monica
- ORCID
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 213
- Pages
- 65-71
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2908699123
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 14.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2017060)
- Research Council of Norway (223273)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- hair cortisol, child abuse
- MeSH terms
- Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent, Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Child Abuse, Female, Hair, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia, Young Adult, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
