Off-site impacts of wildfires on aquatic systems — Biomarker responses of the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki
Open accessAbstract
The number of wildfires has markedly increased in Mediterranean Europe, including in Portugal. Wildfires are environmentally concerning, not only due to the loss of biodiversity and forest area, but also as a consequence of environmental contamination by specific compounds including metals and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs). These contaminants, mostly bound to ashes, can reach downstream water bodies, namely through surface runoff, being ultimately dispersed by vast areas and contacting with aquatic biota. Being toxicologically noteworthy, the potential toxic outcomes of the input of such chemicals across the aquatic compartment must be characterized. In this context, the present study used a biomarker-based approach to find early-warning signals of toxicity triggered by the exposure of the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, to affected aqueous runoff and stream water samples collected from a forest burnt area. The chemical analysis revealed concerning levels of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in both runoff and stream water samples. Biological responses elicited by the collected samples showed the occurrence of pro-oxidative modifications, specifically driven by enzymatic forms involved in the metabolism of glutathione. Despite these effects, no further signs of involvement of metals and PAHs were elicited in terms of neurotoxicity. The overall set of data implicates chemicals resulting from wildfires in clear deleterious effects in exposed fish.
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In Spain and Portugal, diphenyl ethers and a variety of priority pollutant PAHs, including acenaphthylene, benzopyrene, fluorene, naphthalene, and pyrene have all been observed in surface soils, sediment, groundwater, runoff, and surface water impacted by fires.
“In Spain and Portugal, for example, diphenyl ethers and a variety of priority pollutant PAHs, including acenaphthylene, benzopyrene, fluorene, naphthalene, and pyrene have all been observed in surface soils, sediment, groundwater, runoff, and surface water impacted by fires (Campo et al., 2017; Mansilha et al., 2014, 2019; Nunes et al., 2017).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Nunes et al., 2017
Ash has begun to receive increasing recognition as a source of diffuse contamination in freshwater systems, and detrimental impacts on lake and stream biota including fish, amphibians, macroinvertebrates and algae have been observed.
“Ash has also begun to receive increasing recognition as a source of diffuse contamination in freshwater systems and detrimental impacts on both lake and stream biota, including fish (e.g.Nunes et al. 2017;Oliveira-Filho et al. 2018;Gonino et al. 2019a), amphibians (Pilliod et al. 2003), macroinvertebrates (Brito et al. 2017) and algae (Campos et al. 2012) have all been observed.”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Nunes et al. 2017
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“Increases in metals were observed following fire across biomes, including boreal peatlands (Brown et al., 2013), temperate forests (Rust et al., 2018), and Mediterranean forests (Burton et al., 2016; Nunes et al., 2017), and from wildfires as well as prescribed burns (Harper et al., 2018).”
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- Authors
- Nunes, B., Silva, V., Campos, I., Pereira, J. L., Pereira, P., Keizer, J. J., Gonçalves, F., & Abrantes, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- Portuguese Sea and Atmosphere Institute (PT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 581-582
- Pages
- 305-313
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2575010257
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 2.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Marinhos, Universidade de Aveiro (UID/AMB/50017)
- European Regional Development Fund (IF/01198/2014, IF/01744/2013, SFRH/BPD/69563/2010, SFRH/BPD/101971/2014, SFRH/BD/62327/2009)
- Ministério da Educação e Ciência
- Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PTDC/AAG-GLO/4176/2012)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Keywords
- wildfire effects, aquatic ecosystems, Gambusia holbrooki, mosquitofish, biomarkers, metal contamination, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, post-fire runoff, oxidative stress, glutathione metabolism, neurotoxicity, early warning indicators, Mediterranean wildfires, Portugal
- MeSH terms
- Wildfires, Animals, Cyprinodontiformes, Environmental Monitoring, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Portugal, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Biomarkers, Metals, Heavy
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