Life cycle evaluation of microalgae biofuels production: Effect of cultivation system on energy, carbon emission and cost balance analysis
Abstract
The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and ever-increasing environmental pollution have forced humankind to look for a renewable energy source. Microalgae, a renewable biomass source, has been proposed as a promising feedstock to generate biofuels due to their fast growth rate with high lipid content. However, literatures have indicated that sustainable production of microalgae biofuels are only viable with a highly optimized production system. In the present study, a cradle-to-gate approach was used to provide expedient insights on the effect of different cultivation systems and biomass productivity toward life cycle energy (LCEA), carbon balance (LCCO 2) and economic (LCC) of microalgae biodiesel production pathways. In addition, a co-production of bioethanol from microalgae residue was proposed in order to improve the economic sustainability of the overall system. The results attained in the present work indicated that traditional microalgae biofuels processing pathways resulted to several shortcomings, such as dehydration and lipid extraction of microalgae biomass required high energy input and contributed nearly 21 to 30% and 39 to 57% of the total energy requirement, respectively. Besides, the microalgae biofuels production system also required a high capital investment, which accounted for 47 to 86% of total production costs that subsequently resulted to poor techno-economic performances. Moreover, current analysis of environmental aspects of microalgae biorefinery had revealed negative CO 2 balance in producing microalgae biofuels.
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Some reviewed LCA studies computed net energy ratio to evaluate the usability of biofuels as energy sources.
“Some studies computed net energy ratio to evaluate the usability of biofuels as energy sources (Al-Mawali et al. 2021;Al-Muhtaseb et al. 2021;Dasan et al. 2019;Im-Orb and Arpornwichanop 2020;Reaño 2020;Saranya and Ramachandra 2020)”
From Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review (2021) · cites this paper as Dasan et al. 2019
The current systems for algae biodiesel production are not energy sustainable, that is, they result in a negative energy balance.
“Thus, the current systems for algae biodiesel production are not energy sustainable, that is, they result in a negative energy balance [70].”
From The Perspective of Large-Scale Production of Algae Biodiesel (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
Reliable and inexpensive water supply is one of critical elements of commercial production of algal biomass at lower prices.
“Reliable and inexpensive water supply is one of the critical elements of the commercial production of algal biomass at lower prices [70].”
From The Perspective of Large-Scale Production of Algae Biodiesel (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
Pyrolysis disadvantages include high heat input needed for chemical reactions for syngas formation.
“However, the disadvantages of these methods include the high heat input needed to carry out the chemical reactions for the formation of syngas. [27, 138].”
From Biofuel production: exploring renewable energy solutions for a greener future (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
One liter of ethanol is comparable to approximately 0.65 L of gasoline.
“One liter of ethanol is comparable to approximately 0.65 L of gasoline.”
From Biofuel production: exploring renewable energy solutions for a greener future (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Ethanol costs approximately one-third less than petrol.
“Ethanol costs approximately one-third less than petrol.”
From Biofuel production: exploring renewable energy solutions for a greener future (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Ethanol has a larger energy content than petrol, with 11.3 MJ/liter.
“Ethanol has a larger energy content than petrol, with 11.3 MJ/liter.”
From Biofuel production: exploring renewable energy solutions for a greener future (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Ethanol has a lower vapor pressure, making it easier to store in pure fuel form than petrol.
“Ethanol also has a lower vapor pressure, making it easier to store in pure fuel form than petrol [27].”
From Biofuel production: exploring renewable energy solutions for a greener future (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Dasan, Y. K., Lam, M. K., Yusup, S., Lim, J. W., & Lee, K. T.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Teknologi Petronas (MY)
- Universiti Sains Malaysia (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Lam, Man Kee
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 688
- Pages
- 112-128
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2951953295
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiti Teknologi Petronas (0153AA-H46)
- Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (203/PJKIMIA/6071362)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Keywords
- microalgal biofuels, biodiesel, life cycle energy analysis, carbon balance, techno-economic analysis, microalgae biorefinery, capital investment, CO2 emissions
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Costs and Cost Analysis, Fossil Fuels, Life Cycle Stages, Lipids, Biomass, Biofuels, Microalgae
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