The Perspective of Large-Scale Production of Algae Biodiesel

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The quantities of biodiesel currently produced from algae are tiny compared to the quantities of conventional diesel oil.

“We have had high expectations for using algae biodiesel for many years, but the quantities of biodiesel currently produced from algae are tiny compared to the quantities of conventional diesel oil.”

May combine two claims.

Optimum conditions are not equal for all algae and mainly refer to the temperature and intensity of light.

“Optimum conditions are not equal for all algae and mainly refer to the temperature and intensity of light.”

May combine two claims.

Although many reports state that obtaining biodiesel from algae has a perspective, the production of large-scale biodiesel from algae is not yet commercially viable.

“Although many reports state that obtaining biodiesel from algae has a perspective [10][11][12], the production of large-scale biodiesel from algae is not yet commercially viable.”

• cites [10] Kirrolia, 2013, Microalgae as a boon for sustainable energy production and its future research & development aspects, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [11] Faried, 2017, Biodiesel production from microalgae: Processes, technologies and recent advancements, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [12] Musa, M., Ayoko, G.A., Ward, A., Rösch, C., Brown, R.J., and Rainey, T.J. (2019). Factors Afecting Microalgae Production for Biofuels and the Potentials of Chemometric Methods in Assessing and Optimizing Productivity. Cells, 8. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Algae can grow on incapable land for growing food crops, and since they can use saltwater, there is much less need for fresh water.

“Algae can grow on incapable land for growing food crops, and since they can use saltwater, there is much less need for fresh water, whose quantities are limited.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Biomass productivity can vary by more than one order of magnitude depending on location, farming system, and algal species.

“Biomass productivity can vary by more than one order of magnitude depending on location, farming system, and algal species.”

May combine two claims.

In real conditions of algae cultivation, it is impossible to maintain ideal conditions like in the laboratory, so the realistically achievable results are much lower.

“In real conditions of algae cultivation, it is impossible to maintain ideal conditions like in the laboratory, so the realistically achievable results are much lower [46].”

• cites [46] Rahman, 2020, Enhancement of lipid production of Chlorella sp. 042 by mutagenesis, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The solid wall of algal cells is the reason for the problematic release of lipids.

“The solid wall of algal cells is the reason for the problematic release of lipids.”

May combine two claims.

Closed photobioreactors have higher biomass productivity and less contamination, but capital and operating costs are high.

“Closed photobioreactors, however, have higher biomass productivity and less contamination, but capital and operating costs are high.”

May combine two claims.

Lipid production increased from 211 to 271 mg/L/d, which is an increase of 28%.

“Besides, lipid production increased from 211 to 271 mg/L/d which is an increase of 28% [48].”

• cites [48] Ma, 2013, Increased lipid productivity and TAG content in Nannochloropsis by heavy-ion irradiation mutagenesis, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

For large algae systems (closed photobioreactor), it takes 73 kg of water to process 1 kg of algae biomass, which requires high-energy consumption.

“For large algae systems (closed photobioreactor), it takes 73 kg of water to process 1 kg of algae biomass, which requires high-energy consumption.”

May combine two claims.

Algae biodiesel production technology is still under development, and prices are considerably higher than competitors in the market.

“Algae biodiesel production technology is still under development, and prices are considerably higher than competitors in the market.”

May combine two claims.

While photobioreactor dries mass concentrations with peak values only slightly above 3 g/L, the heterotrophic processes easily reach ten to twenty times higher cell densities.

“While photobioreactor dries mass concentrations with peak values only slightly above 3 g/L, the heterotrophic processes easily reach ten to twenty times higher cell densities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is unclear whether PBRs can become competitive with open-pond systems.

“It is therefore unclear whether PBRs can become competitive with open-pond systems [68].”

• cites [68] Araujo, 2010, Economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste frying oils, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The cycle of growing algae is very short (one to ten days), which allows for several harvests.

“The cycle of growing algae is very short (one to ten days), which allows for several harvests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

By the two-step process, saponification and esterification (homogeneous catalyst method), the efficiency of lipid conversion to biodiesel can be increased to 90%.

“By the two-step process, saponification and esterification (homogeneous catalyst method, the efficiency of lipid conversion to biodiesel can be increased to 90%.”

May combine two claims.

The maximum biomass yield, lipid content, and lipid productivity of Chlorella vulgaris co-cultured with Mesorhizobium sangaii were 1.5, 2.2, and 3.3 times greater than by applying pure algal culture.

“For example, the maximum biomass yield, lipid content, and lipid productivity of Chlorella vulgaris co-cultured with Mesorhizobium sangaii were 1.5, 2.2, and 3.3 times greater than by applying pure algal culture [49].”

• cites [49] Wei, 2020, Enhanced biomass and lipid production by co-cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris with Mesorhizobium sangaii under nitrogen limitation, Environ. Boil. FishesNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Mutagenesis of Nannochloropsis oceanica increased yields and biomass growth rates by 19% and 6%, respectively.

“Mutagenesis of Nannochloropsis oceanica increased yields and biomass growth rates by 19% and 6%, respectively.”

• cites [48] Ma, 2013, Increased lipid productivity and TAG content in Nannochloropsis by heavy-ion irradiation mutagenesis, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Laboratory data are often extrapolated, which is unrepresentative of a larger-scale application.

“Laboratory data are often extrapolated, which is unrepresentative of a larger-scale application.”

May combine two claims.

Biomass drying and lipid extraction are the most energy-intensive processes, requiring the improvement of existing technologies or the adoption of new technologies to achieve a positive balance of energy and CO2.

“Especially, biomass drying and lipid extraction are the most energy-intensive processes, requiring the improvement of existing technologies or the adoption of new technologies to achieve a positive balance of energy and CO 2 .”

May combine two claims.

The average price of algae biodiesel grown in a photobioreactor is $4.93, which is 66% more than in an open-pond system that is $2.97 L-1.

“The average price of algae biodiesel grown in a photobioreactor is $4.93, which is 66% more than in an open-pond system that is $2.97 L -1 .”

• cites [63] Davis, 2011, Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production, Appl. Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [67] Delrue, 2012, An economic, sustainability, and energetic model of biodiesel production from microalgae, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [78] Amer, 2011, Technoeconomic analysis of five microalgae-to-biofuels processes of varying complexity, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [79] Richardson, 2010, The Economics of Microalgae Oil, AgBioForum.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Due to the lack of large farms, there are no large-scale farming data available.

“Due to the lack of large farms, there are no large-scale farming data available.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In most cases, the cost of producing biofuels simply depends on the cost of biomass supply.

“In most cases, the cost of producing biofuels simply depends on the cost of biomass supply.”

May combine two claims.

Although high biomass productivity and the cultivation of single-strain culture are enabled by using photobioreactor, cultivation is costlier than in open ponds.

“Although high biomass productivity and the cultivation of single-strain culture are enabled by using photobioreactor, cultivation is costlier than in open ponds.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Facilities for mass production of algae and energy use have yet been unbuilt.

“Facilities for mass production of algae and energy use have yet been unbuilt.”

May combine two claims.

The analysis shows that the capital costs for the case of open ponds are evenly distributed, while the cost of photobioreactors is dominated by the cost of construction (79% to 82.7%).

“The analysis shows that the capital costs for the case of open ponds are evenly distributed, while the cost of photobioreactors is dominated by the cost of construction (79% to 82.7%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Algae productivity is higher compared to most effective crops.

“Algae productivity is higher compared to most effective crops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Biodiesel production from algae is an extremely energy-intensive process that, in some cases, results in a negative energy balance.

“Biodiesel production from algae is an extremely energy-intensive process that, in some cases, results in a negative energy balance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Production costs of algae biodiesel are significantly higher compared to the production of conventional diesel.

“Production costs are significantly higher compared to the production of conventional diesel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A large number of algae species can be farmed.

“A large number of algae species can be farmed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The CO2 footprint of algae biodiesel is smaller than conventional diesel.

“The CO 2 footprint of algae biodiesel is smaller than conventional diesel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The water footprint of algae biodiesel is large.

“The water footprint is large.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Production of biodiesel from lignocellulose raw materials has ecological advantages over production from algae.

“Production of biodiesel from lignocellulose raw materials has ecological advantages over production from algae.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The production of biogas from algae is economically more profitable than the production of biodiesel.

“The production of biogas from algae is economically more profitable than the production of biodiesel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The policies of many countries are to reduce the production and sales of diesel cars.

“The policies of many countries are to reduce the production and sales of diesel cars.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the EU biodiesel is produced from oilseed rape (44%), palm oil (29%), used cooking oil (15%), and soybean oil (5%).

“In the EU biodiesel is produced from oilseed rape (44%), palm oil (29%), used cooking oil (15%), and soybean oil (5%).”

• cites [4] (2020, November 13). UFOP Report on Global Market Supply 2018/2019, Union zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen. Available online: https://www.ufop.de/files/4815/4695/8891/WEB_UFOP_Report_on_Global_Market_Supply_18-19.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Particular algae species (Schizochytrium sp., Nitzschia sp., and Botyococcus braunii) contain over 50% of the oil reduced to dry biomass, which can be extracted and processed into fuel.

“Particular algae species (Schizochytrium sp., Nitzschia sp., and Botyococcus braunii) contain over 50% of the oil reduced to dry biomass, which can be extracted and processed into fuel [5,6].”

• cites [5] Adeniyi, 2018, Algae biofuel: Current status and future applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [6] Alaswad, 2015, Technologies and developments of third generation biofuel production, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Internet sources and scientific articles that do not have reliable and cited data sources were excluded from consideration.

“Internet sources and scientific articles that do not have reliable and cited data sources were excluded from consideration.”

May combine two claims.

Obtaining biodiesel from algae is technically feasible and sustainable, thus putting this technology in an excellent position to potentially and methodically replace oil-derived fuel.

“Obtaining biodiesel from algae is technically feasible and sustainable, thus putting this technology in an excellent position to potentially and methodically replace oil-derived fuel [9].”

• cites [9] Saad, M.G., Dosoky, N.S., Zoromba, M.S., and Shafik, H.M. (2019). Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges. Energies, 12. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2018, the energy end-use in the EU-28 showed three dominant sectors: industry (25.8%), households (26.1%), and transportation (30.5%).

“In 2018, the energy end-use in the EU-28 showed three dominant sectors: industry (25.8%), households (26.1%), and transportation (30.5%) [1].”

• cites [1] EUROSTAT (2020, November 13). Statistics Explained: Energy Statistics—An Overview. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/29046.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The impact of state policies and laws is significant in the future of algal biodiesel production.

“The impact of state policies and laws is significant in the future of algal biodiesel production.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The analysis conducted in this paper can provide a more comprehensive overview of the biodiesel production potential at the commercial scale and facilitate decision-making for stakeholders.

“Therefore, the analysis conducted in this paper can provide a more comprehensive overview of the biodiesel production potential at the commercial scale and facilitate decision-making for stakeholders.”

May combine two claims.

In the production of biodiesel, only those microalgae that contain a high proportion of oil and have a high productivity of biomass and are resistant to various environmental influences can be used.

“In the production of biodiesel, only those microalgae that contain a high proportion of oil and have a high productivity of biomass and are resistant to various environmental influences can be used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The classical SWOT analysis, described by Weihrich, can be perfectly applied in this case.

“Although there are more complex approaches to the analysis of the subject matter, such as the hybrid decision-making method developed by Naeini et al. [17], the classical SWOT analysis, described by Weihrich [18], can be perfectly applied in this case.”

• cites [17] IRENA (2016). Innovation Technology Outlook for Advanced Liquid Biofuels, International Renewable Energy Agency.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [18] Gielen, 2019, The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation, Energy Strat. Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the European Union, the transportation sector contributes to 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, 36.48% emission of NOx, and 10.67% emission of PM2.5.

“In the European Union, the transportation sector contributes to 25% of greenhouse gas emissions [2], 36.48%emission of NOx, and 10.67% emission of PM2.5 [3].”

• cites [2] EUROSTAT (2020, November 13). Statistics Explained: Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics—Emission Inventories. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/30599.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [3] European Environment Agency (EEA) (2019). Emissions of the Main Air Pollutants in Europe, EEA.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

With increasingly stringent environmental requirements, electric cars are a significant threat to biodiesel production.

“With increasingly stringent environmental requirements, electric cars are a significant threat to biodiesel production.”

May combine two claims.

The macroalgae oil content is less than 5% of their dry weight, so they are not economically viable feedstock for biodiesel production.

“The macroalgae oil content is less than 5% of their dry weight, so they are not economically viable feedstock for biodiesel production [6] and are not be further analyzed in this paper.”

• cites [6] Alaswad, 2015, Technologies and developments of third generation biofuel production, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Microalgae can yield significant amounts of lipids that are the basis of biodiesel production, as opposed to macroalgae that tend to produce sugars and other carbohydrates instead of lipids.

“Microalgae can yield significant amounts of lipids that are the basis of biodiesel production, as opposed to macroalgae that tend to produce sugars and other carbohydrates instead of lipids.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ordinarily, a SWOT analysis allows researchers to identify potential threats and weaknesses and improve existing strategies by utilizing new opportunities or neutralizing potential threats.

“Ordinarily, a SWOT analysis allows researchers to identify potential threats and weaknesses and improve existing strategies by utilizing new opportunities or neutralizing potential threats [19].”

• cites [19] Namugenyi, 2019, Design of a SWOT Analysis Model and its Evaluation in Diverse Digital Business Ecosystem Contexts, Procedia Comput. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Theoretically, microalgae can transform 12.8-14.4% of average solar irradiation into biomass with a yield of 77 g/m2/day, which gives approximately 280,000 kg/ha/year of biomass.

“Theoretically, microalgae can transform 12.8-14.4% of average solar irradiation into biomass [24] with a yield of 77 g/m 2 /day, which gives approximately 280,000 kg/ha/year of biomass [25].”

• cites [24] Weyer, 2009, Theoretical Maximum Algal Oil Production, BioEnergy Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [25] Formighieri, 2012, Regulation of the pigment optical density of an algal cell: Filling the gap between photosynthetic productivity in the laboratory and in mass culture, J. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Microalgae grow in fresh or saltwater, but also in extreme conditions.

“Microalgae grow in fresh or saltwater [7], but also in extreme conditions [5].”

• cites [7] Luangpipat, 2017, Biomass and oil production by Chlorella vulgaris and four other microalgae—Effects of salinity and other factors, J. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [5] Adeniyi, 2018, Algae biofuel: Current status and future applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Asia (2.5 EJ/year) and Africa (0.75 EJ/year) have the highest potential for algal biomass cultivation until 2035, followed by North and South America (0.75 EJ/year), Oceania (0.2 EJ/year), and Europe (0.15 EJ/year).

“Asia (2.5 EJ/year) and Africa (0.75 EJ/year) have the highest potential for algal biomass cultivation until 2035.North and South America (0.75 EJ/year), Oceania (0.2 EJ/year), and, finally, Europe (0.15 EJ/year) follow them.”

• cites [14] Naeini, 2020, Analyzing the development of the third-generation biodiesel production from microalgae by a novel hybrid decision-making method: The case of Iran, Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Globally, biodiesel is mostly produced from palm oil (31%), soybean (27%), oilseed rape (20%), and used cooking oil (10%).

“Globally, biodiesel is mostly produced from palm oil (31%), soybean (27%), oilseed rape (20%), and used cooking oil (10%).”

• cites [4] (2020, November 13). UFOP Report on Global Market Supply 2018/2019, Union zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen. Available online: https://www.ufop.de/files/4815/4695/8891/WEB_UFOP_Report_on_Global_Market_Supply_18-19.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Open-pond farming systems may be a more economical option for mass production of algae, but low biomass productivity and high water consumption further increase the operating costs.

“Open-pond farming systems may be a more economical option for mass production of algae, but low biomass productivity and high water consumption further increase the operating costs [63,67].”

• cites [63] Davis, 2011, Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production, Appl. Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [67] Delrue, 2012, An economic, sustainability, and energetic model of biodiesel production from microalgae, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The yield of algal biomass is much higher compared to conventional crops, which further allows the production of a hundred times more oil than crops such as oilseed rape and soybeans.

“This means that the yield of algal biomass is much higher compared to conventional crops, which further allows the production of a hundred times more oil than crops such as oilseed rape and soybeans [8].”

• cites [8] Khan, 2018, The promising future of microalgae: Current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products, Microb. Cell Factories sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Compared to photobioreactors, open ponds have disadvantages such as low biomass yield, high harvesting costs, and the possibility of attack weeds, wild algae, microorganisms, and diseases, which all further reduce algae yield.

“Compared to photobioreactors, open ponds have disadvantages such as low biomass yield, high harvesting costs, and the possibility of attack weeds, wild algae, microorganisms, and diseases, which all further reduce algae yield [29].”

• cites [29] Lee, 2010, Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The production cost of one liter of oil varies from $0.43 to $24.60, making it challenging to predict biodiesel prices in the future.

“The production cost of one liter of oil varies from $0.43 to $24.60, making it challenging to predict biodiesel prices in the future [63].”

• cites [63] Davis, 2011, Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production, Appl. Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The yield of algae with 30% oil in dry biomass is up to 58,700 L/ha/year, which is much higher compared to oilseed rape or soybeans.

“For example, the yield of algae with 30% oil in dry biomass is up to 58,700 L/ha/year, which is much higher compared to oilseed rape or soybeans [26,27].”

• cites [26] Singh, 2015, Effect of temperature and light on the growth of algae species: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [27] Mata, 2010, Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Other disadvantages of photobioreactors include difficulties with scaling-up, overheating, oxygen accumulation, bio-fouling, and cell damage over time.

“Other disadvantages include difficulties with scaling-up, overheating, oxygen accumulation, bio-fouling, and cell damage over time [9].”

• cites [9] Saad, M.G., Dosoky, N.S., Zoromba, M.S., and Shafik, H.M. (2019). Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges. Energies, 12. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

For 1 acre of production, 1 kg of algae would cost about $11, but costs could be lowered to about $4.4 by increasing the sizes to 100 acres with today's state-of-the-art.

“One of those estimates is that for 1 acre of production, 1 kg of algae would cost about $11, but costs could be lowered to about $4.4 by increasing the sizes to 100 acres with today's state-of-the-art [63].”

• cites [63] Davis, 2011, Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production, Appl. Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In LCA of biodiesel production, there are relatively large discrepancies in estimates of CO2 eq/MJ emissions, with many results exceeding fossil diesel emissions.

“In the life cycle analysis (LCA) of biodiesel production, there are relatively large discrepancies in estimates of CO2 eq/MJ emissions of biofuel produced, with many results exceeding fossil diesel emissions [29].”

• cites [29] Lee, 2010, Comparison of several methods for effective lipid extraction from microalgae, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Water recirculation can reduce freshwater and nutrient consumption, but increases risk of infection.

“Water recirculation can reduce freshwater and nutrient consumption, but the risk of infection increases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

CO2 emission for biodiesel production from PBRs algae may exceed emission from oil shale feedstocks.

“CO2 emission for biodiesel production from PBRs algae may exceed emission from oil shale feedstocks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Several researchers note that sustainable microalgae farming for large-scale biodiesel production is impossible in the short- and medium-term and further development is needed.

“Several researchers note that sustainable microalgae farming for large-scale biodiesel production is impossible in the short-and medium-term and further development is needed [72].”

• cites [72] Nhat, 2018, Can algae-based technologies be an affordable green process for biofuel production and wastewater remediation?, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Oil extraction, pre-esterification, purification, and distributions would account for 15-25%, 10-15%, 2-3%, and 2-3% of the cost, respectively.

“Oil extraction, pre-esterification, purification, and distributions would account for 15-25%, 10-15%, 2-3%, and 2-3% of the cost, respectively [75].”

• cites [75] Singh, 2010, Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Although this estimate indicates a considerable cost-cutting, it is still too high to compete with existing terrestrial biofuels crops.

“Although this estimate indicates a considerable cost-cutting, it is still too high to compete with existing terrestrial biofuels crops [63].”

• cites [63] Davis, 2011, Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production, Appl. Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The results of these studies indicate the need to develop more effective and efficient farming and harvesting technologies to reduce GHG emissions in LCA of algae biodiesel production.

“The results of these studies indicate the need to develop more effective and efficient farming and harvesting technologies to reduce GHG emissions in the LCA of algae biodiesel production.”

May combine two claims.

Tredici et al. analyzed T. suecica algae production on a scale of 1 ha and obtained a cost of $15.8 kg-1 biomass produced; at the 100 ha scale, they estimated a cost of about $5.5 kg-1, which is much more than the $2 kg-1 needed to make algae biofuel competitive with petroleum-derived diesel.

“Tredici et al. [77] have analyzed T. suecica algae production on a scale of 1 ha.They obtained a cost of $15.8 kg -1 biomass produced.At the 100 ha scale, they estimated a cost of about $5.5 kg -1 , which is much more than the $2 kg -1 that needed to make algae biofuel competitive with petroleum-derived diesel.”

• cites [77] Tredici, 2016, Techno-economic analysis of microalgal biomass production in a 1-ha Green Wall Panel (GWP®) plant, Algal Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although photobioreactor enables high biomass productivity and single-strain culture, cultivation is costlier than in open ponds.

“Although high biomass productivity and the cultivation of single-strain culture are enabled by using photobioreactor, cultivation is costlier than in open ponds.”

May combine two claims.

Algae biofuel production is not currently profitable and will not be soon.

“With soybean and oilseed rape of about $0.35 per kg, it seems that algae biofuel production is not currently profitable and will not be soon.”

May combine two claims.

Exotic algae species discharged into waterway can cause biological invasion and endanger native species safety.

“Exotic algae species discharged into the waterway can cause biological invasion and endanger the native species safety [87].”

• cites [87] Zhu, 2011, Microalgae production as a biofuel feedstock: Risks and challenges, Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Better conversion efficiency is the cause of the reduction in GHG emissions.

“Better conversion efficiency is the cause of the reduction in GHG emissions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

Over five years, it is possible to triple the size of PBR and increase average biomass productivity from 5 to 8 g/L/day.

“Pankratz et al. [36] consider that, over five years, it is possible to triple the size of PBR and increase the average biomass productivity from 5 to 8 gL -1 day -1 .”

• Also stated in: § 4.3.1. Technical · hedged

  “With the development of PBR technology over five years, it is possible to increase the average biomass productivity from 5 to 8 gL -1 day -1 .”

• cites [36] Pankratz, 2019, Development of cost models of algae production in a cold climate using different production systems, Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Estimated selling prices of biodiesel from waste frying oil, jatropha, and soybean were $0.73/L, $1.4/L, and $1.35/L respectively, higher than petrol-diesel ($0.7/L) but lower than algal biodiesel.

“The estimated selling price of biodiesel produced from waste frying oil, jatropha, and soybean was $0.73/L [68], $1.4/L [81], and $1.35/L [82], respectively, which is higher than petrol-diesel ($0.7/l), but lower than algal biodiesel.”

• cites [68] Araujo, 2010, Economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste frying oils, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [81] Wang, 2011, Lifecycle assessment of the economic, environmental and energy performance of Jatropha curcas L. biodiesel in China, Biomass Bioenergy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [82] Liu, 2014, A LCA Based Biofuel Supply Chain Analysis Framework, Chin. J. Chem. Eng. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Recycled water contains bacteria, viruses, and fungi in higher concentrations, as well as organic and inorganic chemicals and remains of algae cells.

“Recycled water contains bacteria, viruses, and fungi in higher concentrations, as well as inanimate ingredients like organic and inorganic chemicals and the remains of algae cells.”

May combine two claims.

Current systems are not energy sustainable for algae biodiesel production, resulting in negative energy balance.

“Thus, the current systems are not energy sustainable for algae biodiesel production, that is, they result in a negative energy balance [68].”

• cites [68] Araujo, 2010, Economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste frying oils, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Any medium location and environment can be used to culture macro and microalgae, including fresh water, sewage plants, wastewater, brackish environments, marine, and uncultivated land.

“Any medium location and environment can be used to culture macro and microalgae, including fresh water, sewage plants, wastewater, brackish environments, marine, and uncultivated land.”

May combine two claims.

Lignocellulosic raw material requires less intake of fertilizers, pesticides, and energy and is cheaper than crops.

“Lignocellulosic raw material requires less intake of fertilizers, pesticides, and energy and is cheaper than crops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Algae typically contain 20-80% oil that can be converted to various fuels.

“Algae typically contain 20-80% oil that can be converted to various fuels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Reuse of growth media reduces algal productivity because of increased pathogen contamination and/or accumulation of metabolites of secondary inhibitors.

“However, reuse of growth media reduces algal productivity because of increased pathogen contamination and/or accumulation of metabolites of secondary inhibitors.”

May combine two claims.

For cultivation of jatropha, rapeseed, and sunflower, it needs 17-35%, 52-62%, and 59-68% less fertilizer, respectively, than microalgae.

“For the cultivation of the jatropha, rapeseed, and sunflower, it needs 17-35%, 52-62%, and 59-68% less fertilizer, respectively [71].”

• cites [71] Jegathese, 2014, Microalgae as a Renewable Source of Energy: A Niche Opportunity, J. Renew. EnergyNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Topographic constraints reduce availability of land for outdoor pond systems because relatively flat terrain is required.

“Topographic constraints reduce the availability of land for outdoor pond systems because the relatively flat terrain is required.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Various biofuels like biodiesel, aviation fuel, ethanol, green gasoline, and methane can be produced from algae.

“Various biofuels like biodiesel, aviation fuel, ethanol, green gasoline, and methane can be produced from algae.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Algae do not require quality soil for cultivation, and they do not compete with food.

“Algae do not require quality soil for cultivation, and they do not compete with food.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Technical production potential of 41 megawatts of algae biomass can be achieved by 2030 in Europe, with production costs less than $0.985/kg.

“The prediction is that a technical production potential of 41 megawatts of algae biomass can be achieved by 2030 in Europe, with production costs less than $0.985/kg [82].”

• cites [82] Liu, 2014, A LCA Based Biofuel Supply Chain Analysis Framework, Chin. J. Chem. Eng. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

PBRs have disadvantage in high cost, dimensional limitations, and technical complexity.

“On the other hand, PBRs have a disadvantage in high cost, dimensional limitations, and technical complexity.”

May combine two claims.

Production of algae diesel via transesterification releases CO2 emission of 32.8 kgCO2/GJ fuel, and fuel price is $24-$318/GJ fuel.

“Production of algae diesel via transesterification releases a CO 2 emission of 32.8 kgCO 2 /GJ fuel, and the fuel price is $24-$318/GJ fuel [14].”

• cites [14] Naeini, 2020, Analyzing the development of the third-generation biodiesel production from microalgae by a novel hybrid decision-making method: The case of Iran, Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Production of diesel from agricultural residue by hydrolysis and aqueous phase reforming of sugars releases CO2 emission of 25.2 kgCO2/GJ fuel, and price is $45-$86/GJ fuel.

“Production of diesel from the agricultural residue by hydrolysis and aqueous phase reforming of sugars releases a CO 2 emission of 25.2 kgCO 2 /GJ fuel, and the price of the produced fuel is $45-$86/GJ fuel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Algae farming can take place throughout the year, and algae can be harvested daily, so algae oil production is much higher than ordinary crops.

“Algae farming can take place throughout the year, and algae can be harvested daily, so the algae oil production is much higher than of ordinary crops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Blending petroleum fuels with biofuel will improve lubrication quality and reduce sulfur content in resulting fuel.

“Blending petroleum fuels with biofuel will improve lubrication quality and reduce the sulfur content in the resulting fuel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In open ponds, there is problem of poor efficiency of light utilization and lower volumetric productivity.

“In the system of open ponds, there is a problem of poor efficiency of light utilization and of lower volumetric productivity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Genetic technology can be used to increase lipid content and biomass productivity and algal stability.

“Genetic technology can be used to increase lipid content and biomass productivity and algal stability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Algae production is mainly located in Norway, France, Ireland, Iceland, and the Russian Federation.

“Algae production is mainly located in Norway, France, Ireland, Iceland, and the Russian Federation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Ammonium nitrate as fertilizer has the most significant impact on climate change.

“Ammonium nitrate as fertilizer has the most significant impact on climate change.”

May combine two claims.

Significant advantage of algae farming is ability to exploit less valuable land, minimizing competition for food production.

“The significant advantage of algae farming is the ability to exploit less valuable land, thus minimizing competition for food production.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Disadvantages of ORP are low biomass yield compared to PBRs, high harvesting cost, and possibility of contamination with fast-growing wild algae.

“The disadvantages of ORP are the low biomass yield compared to PBRs, high harvesting cost, and the possibility of contamination with fast-growing wild algae.”

May combine two claims.

Algae seem to be most expensive feedstock, with highest CO2 emission.

“Algae seem to be the most expensive feedstock, with the highest CO 2 emission.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It is challenging to find a strain of algae with high biomass production and high oil content, cost-effective, suitable for region, and not too difficult to harvest.

“It is challenging to find a strain of algae with high biomass production and high oil content, that is cost-effective and suitable for the region in which it is grown, and that is not too difficult to harvest.”

May combine two claims.

Although flocculation improves water footprint, side effects include salt deposition on surface of bioreactors, leading to reduction in service life.

“Although this improves the water footprint, there are side effects such as salt deposition on the surface of the bioreactors, leading to a reduction in their service life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Algae farming does not need pesticides or herbicides.

“Algae farming does not need pesticides or herbicides.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are few commercial algae farms, so there are no necessary data on large-scale algae farming.

“There are few commercial”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Development of algal fuels has been slowed by fall of oil prices in 2014.

“The development of these fuels has been slowed by the fall of oil prices in 2014.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These biofuels are non-toxic and biodegradable.

“These biofuels are non-toxic and biodegradable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Exhaust gases (CO2) from power plants can be used for algae cultivation, thus contributing to reduction of CO2 emissions.

“Exhaust gases (CO 2 ) from power plants can be used for algae cultivation, thus contributing to the reduction of CO 2 emissions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Solar irradiation is one of critical factors influencing algae growth and yields, and there should be small seasonal variations.

“Solar irradiation is one of the critical factors that influence algae growth and yields, and there should be small seasonal variations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Mechanical separation of algae, such as filtration, sedimentation, and centrifugation, causes cell rupture and cell contents leaking, which can result in poor oil quality.

“Mechanical separation of algae, such as filtration, sedimentation, and centrifugation, causes cell rupture and cell contents leaking, which can result in poor oil quality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

SWOT analysis finds potential and favorable strategies attractive to stakeholders and decision-makers, including sustainability and product prospects.

“The SWOT analysis finds potential and favorable strategies attractive to stakeholders and decision-makers, including sustainability and product prospects.”

May combine two claims.

Mineral content in wastewater varies significantly by location and season, making it difficult to rely entirely on this source of fertilizer.

“However, respecting the fact that the mineral content in wastewater varies significantly on the location and season, it is difficult to rely entirely on this source of fertilizer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In Europe, algal biomass production has been stable since 1950, below 0.5 Mt.

“In Europe, algal biomass production has been stable since 1950, below 0.5 Mt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Global annual amount of algal biodiesel produced is tiny.

“The global annual amount of algal biodiesel produced is tiny.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When using CO2 from flue gases of power plants, there is problem of toxic compounds such as NOx and SOx.

“When using CO 2 from the flue gases of power plants, there is a problem of toxic compounds in the flue gas such as NOx and SOx.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When flocculation is applied, high concentration of coagulants impacts product quality.

“When flocculation is applied, the high concentration of coagulants impact product quality.”

May combine two claims.

Production of diesel from forest residues by gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis releases CO2 emission of only 3.6 kgCO2/GJ fuel, and price is $18/GJ fuel.

“Production of diesel from forest residues by gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis releases a CO 2 emission of only 3.6 kgCO 2 /GJ fuel, and the price of the produced fuel is $18/GJ fuel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Contamination of algal culture by viruses, graders, protozoa, and insect larvae reduces productivity.

“The contamination of algal culture by viruses, graders, protozoa, and insect larvae also reduces productivity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Current production of algae biomass in Europe is negligible (1.14% of world production).

“Research indicates that the current production of algae biomass in Europe is negligible (1.14% of world production).”

May combine two claims.

Wastewater contains significant amount of nitrate and orthophosphate, so use of this media in algae cultivation appears as acceptable economic alternative.

“Taking into account that the wastewater contains a significant amount of nitrate and orthophosphate, the use of this media in the cultivation of algae appears as an acceptable economic alternative.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In chlorination process, green algae that live in rivers and lakes can be used as precursors in making halobenzoquinone (HBQ) disinfectants.

“In the chlorination process, green algae that live in rivers and lakes can be used as precursors in making halobenzoquinone (HBQ) disinfectants [98].”

• cites [98] Ge, 2018, Formation of water disinfection byproduct 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone from chlorination of green algae, J. Environ. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If anaerobic digestion of algal mass residues is connected to biodiesel production system, biogas, solid, and liquid digestate are created.

“If the anaerobic digestion of algal mass residues is connected to the biodiesel production system (see Figure 2), biogas, solid, and liquid digestate are created.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Targeted reduction in GHG emissions from biofuel substitution was minimum of 50% in 2017.

“The targeted reduction in GHG emissions from biofuel substitution was a minimum of 50% in 2017.”

May combine two claims.

Share of biofuels used for transport in EU rose from 7.4% in 2017 to 8.1% in 2018, below EU target.

“Although the share of biofuels used for transport in the EU rose from 7.4% in 2017 to 8.1% in 2018, this is below the EU target [103].”

• cites [103] Zhu, 2015, A Microalgae-Based Biodiesel Refinery: Sustainability Concerns and Challenges, Int. J. Green Energy sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Taiwan already has a law on use of renewable fuels in 2009.

“Likewise, Taiwan already has a law on the use of renewable fuels in 2009.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In 2017, Europe was one of leaders in global algae-produced-biofuel market.

“In 2017, Europe was one of the leaders in the global algae-produced-biofuel market.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In US, national standard organization succeeded in raising quality of renewable fuels and increasing types of fuels included.

“In the United States, the national standard organization of this country has succeeded in raising the quality of renewable fuels and increasing the types of fuels included in this category.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Japan concentrates on production of jet fuel, which began commercialization in 2020.

“This country concentrates on the production of jet fuel, which began commercialization in 2020.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Target of GHG emission reduction was set at 60% in 2018.

“The target of GHG emission reduction was set at 60% in 2018.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In temperate climates, algae have cyclic production which affects system and sustainability of biofuels.

“In temperate climates, algae have cyclic production which affects the system and sustainability of biofuels.”

May combine two claims.

Since solar irradiation depends on weather conditions, main drawback of solar drying is overheating and unreliability.

“Since solar irradiation depends on weather conditions, the main drawback of this method is related to overheating and unreliability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Algae use CO2 for growth, which can be obtained from flue gases of power plants and other sources, and which is usually released into atmosphere.

“Algae use CO 2 for their growth, which can be obtained from the flue gases of power plants and other sources, and which is usually released into the atmosphere.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Plenty of companies with biofuel production shifted to producing high-value products from algae, such as food supplements and cosmetics.

“However, it is significant that plenty of companies with biofuel production shifted to producing high-value products from algae, such as food supplements and cosmetics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Job creation is often seen as significant benefit of algal biofuel supply chain.

“Job creation is often seen as a significant benefit of the algal biofuel supply chain [102].”

• cites [102] Dale, 2014, Take a Closer Look: Biofuels Can Support Environmental, Economic and Social Goals, Environ. Sci. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Use of wastewater for algae farming provides nutrient for algae, and at same time, wastewater treatment is performed.

“The use of wastewater for algae farming provides a nutrient for algae, and at the same time, wastewater treatment is performed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

US has targeted to produce renewable fuels of 36 billion gallons by 2022.

“The country has also targeted to produce renewable fuels of 36 billion gallons by 2022.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel) is recognized as short-to-medium-term solution toward overall reduction of sector's GHG emissions.

“Moreover, bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel) is recognized as a short-to-medium-term solution toward an overall reduction of the sector's GHG emissions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Another study showed production of biogas from algae had energy security advantages and greater GHG as compared to liquid fuels.

“Another study also showed that the production of biogas from algae had energy security advantages and greater GHG as compared to liquid fuels [106].”

• cites [106] Campbell, 2009, Greater Transportation Energy and GHG Offsets from Bioelectricity Than Ethanol, Science sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

By combining these two processes, possible to reduce costs and make algae production more competitive.

“By combining these two processes, it is possible to reduce costs and thus make algae production more competitive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many companies that produce algae biofuels already have significant number of employees in their plants.

“Many companies that produce algae biofuels already have a significant number of employees in their plants.”

May combine two claims.

Application of modern technology that uses supercritical extraction can provide more results, lower costs, and ease of operation.

“The application of modern technology that uses supercritical extraction can provide more results, lower costs, and ease of operation [100].”

• cites [100] Chew, 2017, Microalgae biorefinery: High value products perspectives, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to RED, necessary to achieve minimum threshold for reducing GHG emissions from use of biofuels by 35%.

“According to RED, it is necessary to achieve a minimum threshold for reducing GHG emissions from the use of biofuels by 35%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are advanced energy-efficient technologies for algae biomass separation like electromagnetic field or extraction by solvent.

“There are advanced energy-efficient technologies for algae biomass separation like electromagnetic field or extraction by a solvent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Primary competitors come from battery-powered electric vehicles and hydrogen-electric vehicles.

“The primary competitors come from battery-powered electric vehicles and hydrogen-electric vehicles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Solar water heating or direct solar irradiation could be used for algae drying.

“Solar water heating or direct solar irradiation could be used for algae drying [51].”

• cites [51] Show, 2015, Advances and Challenges on Algae Harvesting and Drying, Dry. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Sometimes we ignore economic value of by-product, but often this by-product can provide far higher value than main product itself, biodiesel.

“Sometimes we ignore the economic value of this by-product, but often this by-product can provide a far higher value than the main product itself, the biodiesel.”

May combine two claims.

Market acceptance and economic viability of algal biodiesel are still uncertain.

“The market acceptance and economic viability of algal biodiesel are still uncertain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Algae are composed of three main compounds: protein, carbohydrates, and lipids.

“Algae are composed of three main compounds, namely protein, carbohydrates, and lipids.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Persuasive argument from Jard is that production of biogas from algae is closed to commercialization, indicating complex carbohydrates could be converted to biogas.

“The persuasive argument from Jard [105] is that the production of biogas from algae is closed to commercialization, indicating that complex carbohydrates could be converted to biogas.”

• cites [105] Jard, 2013, French Brittany macroalgae screening: Composition and methane potential for potential alternative sources of energy and products, Bioresour. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

European Parliament has restricted production of crop-based biofuels to support algae and other inedible biomass production.

“European Parliament has restricted the production of crop-based biofuels to support algae and other inedible biomass production.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Subsidies, carbon trading, and carbon taxes in future may have notable impact on profitability of algal biofuels.

“In this sense, subsidies, carbon trading, and carbon taxes in the future may have a notable impact on the profitability of algal biofuels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

South Korea is sponsoring four major R&D projects, starting in 2019.

“South Korea is sponsoring four major R&D projects, starting in 2019.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Digestate can be sold as fertilizer to improve soil, which will increase efficiency of entire system.

“The digestate can be sold as a fertilizer to improve the soil, which will increase the efficiency of the entire system.”

May combine two claims.

Production of bioethanol and biogas requires specific component of algae such as carbohydrates (for bioethanol) and lipids (for biodiesel), which should be extracted or pretreated before production of biofuels.

“In contrast, the production of bioethanol and biogas requires a specific component of algae such as carbohydrates (for bioethanol and lipids (for biodiesel), which should be extracted or pretreated before the production of biofuels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This can be effective way to minimize waste and cheaper way to get animal feed than corn or cereals.

“This can be an effective way to minimize waste and a cheaper way to get animal feed than that based on corn or cereals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Aviation needs liquid fuels, and therefore cannot use many other alternative energy sources.

“Aviation needs liquid fuels, and therefore cannot use many other alternative energy sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At this time, two pilot plants have been built, namely in Italy and Portugal.

“At this time, two pilot plants have been built, namely in Italy and Portugal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Germany has contributed most to this region, thanks to presence of leading car manufacturers.

“Germany has contributed most to this region, thanks to the presence of leading car manufacturers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Heterotrophic and mixotrophic production is one option that can provide significant increase in production volume.

“Heterotrophic and mixotrophic production is one option that can provide a significant increase in production volume.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Production of jet fuel from algae can be of great importance in aviation.

“The production of jet fuel from algae can be of great importance in aviation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.