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Co-benefits and synergies between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review
Abstract
Accounting for over 70% of global CO2 emissions, cities are major contributors to climate change. Acknowledging this, urban climate change adaptation and mitigation plans are increasingly developed to make progress toward enhancing climate resilience. While there is consensus that focusing on both adaptation and mitigation is necessary for addressing climate change impacts, better understanding of their interactions is needed to efficiently maximize their potentials. This paper, first, provides a bibliographic analysis to map existing knowledge regarding adaptation-mitigation interactions. This is done using methods such as bibliographic coupling, co-citation analysis, and co-occurrence analysis. Then, drawing on the literature, this study explores two types of interactions between adaptation and mitigation measures, namely co-benefits and synergies. These interactions are explored through analyzing evidence reported in the literature on different measures related to sectors such as energy, transportation, waste, water, green infrastructure, urban planning, and governance. Results of the bibliographic analysis show that there is a lack of research in the Global South. Results of the detailed content analysis show that many measures can provide co-benefits and synergies. Measures related to green infrastructure, buildings, energy systems, and, transportation are particularly capable of providing co-benefits. In addition, it was found that appropriate levels of density, promotion of public transportation, and urban greenery are measures that are more likely to provide synergistic benefits if combined with other adaptation and/or mitigation measures. This study highlights the need for more empirical research to better understand the magnitude of synergistic benefits between different measures.
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“All of these measures will reduce carbon emissions, ultimately mitigating climate change; simultaneously, they will result in cost and energy savings, thereby increasing economic and energy resilience and thus enabling climate change adaptation.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Sharifi 2021
In the citing paper
“Promoting public transportation, increasing vehicle efficiency, electrifying transportation, and encouraging car-sharing services are all approaches to mitigate and adapt to climate change in the transportation sector (Sharifi 2021).”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Sharifi 2021
In the citing paper
“The literature also often deals with co-benefits and competing goals (55–57).”
From A framework for localizing global climate solutions and their carbon reduction potential (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
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Mumtaz, F., Li, J., Liu, Q., Dong, Y., Liu, C., Gu, C., Zhang, H., Zhao, J., Akhtar, M., Bashir, B., et al. (2025) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107494 · Cited by 36
Towards a framework for driving sustainable urban regeneration with ecosystem services
Lak, A., Sharifi, A., Khazaei, M., & Aghamolaei, R. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105736 · Cited by 32
Self-citationCosta, D. D. A., Bayissa, Y. A., Villas-Boas, M. D., Maskey, S., Lugon, J., Neto, A. J. D. S., & Srinivasan, R. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174417 · Cited by 31
Pathways for urgent action towards climate resilient development
Eriksen, S., Simpson, N. P., Glavovic, B., Ley, D., Carr, E. R., Carril, L. R. F., Hayward, B., Morecroft, M. D., Pathak, M., Pereira, J. J., et al. (2024) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02190-0 · Cited by 31
African climate change policy performance index
Épule, T. É., Chehbouni, A., Dhiba, D., Moto, M. W., & Peng, C. H. (2021) · Environmental and Sustainability Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.indic.2021.100163 · Cited by 31
Lee, E., & Kim, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127099 · Cited by 38
“This is considered as part of an effort to prepare an environmental response plan using green infrastructure targets of various scales, such as green areas, parks, roads, and green facilities, as global awareness of crisis is rising due to environmental pollution and disasters [72,113].”
BackgroundMeng, F., Yuan, Q., Bellezoni, R. A., de Oliveira, J. A. P., Hu, Y., Jing, R., Liu, G., Yang, Z., & Seto, K. C. (2023) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-023-00091-3 · Cited by 32
Vox, G., Blanco, I., Convertino, F., & Schettini, E. (2022) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112439 · Cited by 30
Mixed approach to assess urban sustainability and resilience – A spatio-temporal perspective
Buzási, A., Beszedics-Jäger, B. S., & Hortay, O. (2022) · City and Environment Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cacint.2022.100088 · Cited by 30
Towards (net) zero emissions in the stationary energy sector: A city perspective
Ulpiani, G., Vetters, N., & Măduţa, C. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104750 · Cited by 30
Energy poverty in African countries: An assessment of trends and policies
Filho, W. L., Gatto, A., Sharifi, A., Salvia, A. L., Guevara, Z., Awoniyi, S., Mang‐Benza, C., Nwedu, C. N., Surroop, D., Teddy, K. O., et al. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103664 · Cited by 29
“…climate change from the first cluster, indicating that renewable energy-based electrifications can also provide multiple benefits for sustainable development and for climate change mitigation [78,79], which could counteract the negative externalities of energy poverty alleviation (see [80,81]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationInstitutional heat wave analysis by building energy modeling fleet and meter data
Villa, D. (2021) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110774 · Cited by 29
Tenali, S., & McManus, P. (2022) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2301 · Cited by 29
Enhancing domestic food supply in the UAE: A framework for technology-driven urban farming systems
Sharma, R., Wahbeh, S. Y., Sundarakani, B., Manikas, I., & Pachayappan, M. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139823 · Cited by 37
INCORPORATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN URBAN PLANNING: A REVIEW OF POLICIES AND BEST PRACTICES
Umoh, A. A., Ohenhen, P. E., Chidolue, O., Ngozichukwu, B., Fafure, A. V., & Ibekwe, K. I. (2024) · Engineering Science & Technology Journal · doi:10.51594/estj.v5i1.729 · Cited by 28
Qin, X., Wang, S., & Meng, M. (2024) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107495 · Cited by 31
Başaran, A., Yılmaz, T., Azgın, Ş. T., & Çivi, C. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128280 · Cited by 28
Assessing environmental impacts of transportation sector by integrating DPSIR framework and X-Matrix
Ladi, T., Mahmoudpour, A., & Sharifi, A. (2022) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2022.01.004 · Cited by 28
Self-citationMuch broader than health: Surveying the diverse co-benefits of energy demand reduction in Europe
Finn, O., & Brockway, P. E. (2022) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2022.102890 · Cited by 34
Hautamäki, R., Puustinen, T., Merikoski, T., & Staffans, A. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105251 · Cited by 28
“…as difficulties in coordinating the activities of various departments with diverse and sometimes conflicting priorities, and the common notion that mitigation is more relevant on the national scale, while adaptation is mainly a local concern (He et al., 2019; Lwasa et al., 2018; Sharifi, 2021).”
BackgroundShen, P., Ji, Y., Li, Y., Wang, M., Cui, X., & Tong, H. (2025) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115386 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Sharifi, A.
- Affiliations
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Sharifi, Ayyoob
- ORCID
- Sharifi, Ayyoob
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 750
- Pages
- 141642
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3049703454
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 37
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Sustainable Development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Keywords
- urban climate change mitigation, urban climate adaptation, co-benefits, synergistic effect, climate resilience, green infrastructure, urban greening, public transport, urban density, energy systems, urban planning, urban governance
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