A framework for localizing global climate solutions and their carbon reduction potential

May combine two claims.

A review of state climate plans indicates that only 15 states focus on net emissions, only 9 discuss equity issues, and only 6 address both net emissions and equity issues.

“A review of these plans indicates that only 15 states focus on net emissions (the difference between carbon emissions and sequestration), only 9 discuss equity issues, and only 6 address both net emissions and equity issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Only 22 states in the United States have climate action plans, and of these, only six consider carbon mitigation, negative emissions, and equity issues.

“Only 22 states in the United States have climate action plans, and of these, only six consider carbon mitigation, negative emissions, and equity issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

In Georgia in 2030, reducing about 12% of Georgia's current food waste would produce a megaton of abatement.

“Reduce about 12% of Georgia’s current food waste”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

In Georgia in 2030, increasing Georgia's coastal wetland area by 71% would produce a megaton of abatement.

“Increase Georgia’s coastal wetland area by 71%”

May combine two claims.

The baseline scenario forecasts that Georgia's net CO2 emissions will decline to 122 megatons as the electricity sector continues to decarbonize, which more than compensates for an increase in emissions from greater transportation fuel consumption.

“The baseline scenario forecasts that Georgia’s net CO2 emissions will decline to 122 megatons as the electricity sector continues to decarbonize, which more than compensates for an increase in emissions from greater transportation fuel consumption.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The baseline scenario assumes no change to the carbon sequestered in Georgia’s forest, soils, and coastal wetlands.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Others depend on actions of businesses and industry, such as refrigerant management, conservation agriculture, increasing forest cover, and generating electricity via waste heat using cogeneration.

“Others depend on the actions of businesses and industry, such as refrigerant management, conservation agriculture, increasing forest cover, and generating electricity via waste heat using cogeneration.”

May combine two claims.

Non-CO2 environmental impacts of most solutions are expected to be positive, with air quality being the most prominent cross-cutting benefit, although there are issues to manage such as land use changes and hazardous waste generation.

“Non-CO2 environmental impacts of most solutions are expected to be positive, with air quality being the most prominent cross-cutting benefit, although there are some issues to manage, such as land use changes and hazardous waste generation.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

In Georgia in 2030, planting 7% of current pasture lands with mixed hardwood and loblolly tree species would produce a megaton of abatement.

“Plant 7% of current pasture lands with mixed hardwood and loblolly (Pinus taeda) tree species”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some solutions depend on significant public funding, such as mass transit, and all would benefit from private investments and supportive public policies.

“Some depend on significant public funding, such as mass transit, and they all would benefit from private investments and supportive public policies.”

May combine two claims.

In 2017, Georgia had 13 megatons from nonenergy CO2 emissions and 19 megatons from three non-CO2 GHG emissions.

“The largest component of net emissions in 2017 was from Georgia’s energy systems, which accounted for 142 megatons of emissions; in addition, there were 13 megatons from nonenergy CO2 emissions and 19 megatons from three non-CO2 GHG emissions (NOx, methane, and fluorinated gas).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

In Georgia in 2030, 25% of Georgians adopting a plant-rich or lower carbon-emitting diet would produce a megaton of abatement.

“25% of Georgians adopt plant-rich or lower carbon-emitting diet”

May combine two claims.

We identified 20 high-impact solutions for Georgia, spanning five sectors.

“We identified 20 high-impact solutions for Georgia, spanning five sectors (Table 1).”

• cites (Table 1)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

In Georgia in 2030, diverting 2 million tons of organic and food waste to composting would produce a megaton of abatement.

“Divert 2 million tons of organic and food waste to composting”

May combine two claims.

Alternative mobility, retrofitting buildings, and afforestation would be large contributors to the technically possible net-zero scenario.

“Alternative mobility, retrofitting buildings, and afforestation would be large contributors to this future technically possible scenario.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

In Georgia in 2030, increasing forest cover by 3.5% with mixed hardwood and loblolly tree species would produce a megaton of abatement.

“Increase forest cover by 3.5% with mixed hardwood and loblolly (Pinus taeda) tree species”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mass transit requires significant public investments.

“Mass transit requires significant public investments, but based on the array of key benefits, the expenditures are justifiable.”

May combine two claims.

The 20 solutions address a combination of traditional sources of carbon emissions from electricity generation, transportation, and energy consumption of buildings; tackle emissions from agriculture and food systems; and focus on carbon absorbed in trees and soils.

“They address a combination of traditional sources of carbon emissions from electricity generation, transportation, and the energy consumption of buildings. In addition, they tackle emissions from agriculture and food systems, and they focus on the carbon absorbed in trees and soils.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

In Georgia in 2030, adapting an additional 1.6 million acres of cropland into conservation agriculture practices would produce a megaton of abatement.

“Adapt an additional 1.6 million acres of cropland into conservation agriculture practices in Georgia”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many of the 20 solutions depend on actions of consumers, such as rooftop solar, EVs, recycling, plant-rich diets, and composting organic waste.

“Many of them depend on the actions of consumers—such as rooftop solar, EVs, recycling, plant-rich diets, and composting organic waste.”

May combine two claims.

Residential and commercial buildings are expected to account for 22% and 21% of energy-related CO2 emissions in 2030.

“Residential and commercial buildings are expected to account for 22% and 21% of energy-related CO2 emissions in 2030, much of which comes from their consumption of electricity.”

May combine two claims.

Georgia net GHG emissions were 156.5 megatons in 2005 according to WRI and declined to 123 megatons in 2020.

“We estimate that net GHG emissions in Georgia were much higher in 2005—at 156.5 megatons according to WRI (31)—and that they declined to 123 megatons in 2020.”

• cites [31] World Resources Institute, CAIT 2.0. Climate Analysis Indicators Tool: WRI’s Climate Data Explorer (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 2014). https://www.wri.org/data/climate-watch-us-states-greenhouse-gas-emissions. Accessed 9 July 2021.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

If Georgia pursued the technical potential for all 20 solutions, the state could achieve a net-zero carbon footprint in 2030, possibly overshooting carbon neutrality by 11%.

“If Georgia were to pursue the technical potential for all 20 solutions, the state could achieve a net-zero carbon footprint in 2030, indeed possibly overshooting carbon neutrality by 11%.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The baseline scenario assumes no change to the carbon sequestered in Georgia’s forest, soils, and coastal wetlands.

May combine two claims.

In 2020, Georgia had less than 2,000 home solar systems, displacing a fraction of 1-megaton CO2, mostly located in large cities that hosted Solarize Campaigns.

“In 2020, Georgia had less than 2,000 home solar systems (displacing a fraction of 1-megaton CO2), mostly located in large cities that have hosted Solarize Campaigns—community-based solar purchasing programs.”

May combine two claims.

A number of solutions offer overall net positive economic development and job benefits, noting that transitioning from one technology to another may create net losses in particular job segments and/or higher system or infrastructure costs.

“A number of solutions also offer overall net positive economic development and job benefits (noting transitioning from one technology to another may create net losses in particular job segments and/or potentially higher system or infrastructure costs impacting customers or others in the value chain).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Issues identified in our work that will need to be addressed include solution access, affordability, and expanding diversity among workforce and business owners.

“Issues identified in our work that will need to be addressed include solution access, affordability (such as changes in energy and water burdens), and expanding diversity among workforce and business owners.”

May combine two claims.

Based on Google Project Sunroof data on existing flat and south-facing angled roofs in Georgia analyzed by county, Georgia has the technical potential for 24.3 GW of solar rooftop nameplate capacity, similar to an earlier NREL analysis by Lopez et al.

“Based on Google Project Sunroof data (35) on existing flat and south-facing angled roofs located in Georgia and analyzed by county, Georgia has the technical potential for 24.3 GW of solar rooftop nameplate capacity, similar to an earlier National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) analysis by Lopez et al. (36).”

• cites [35] Google, Project Sunroof: Data explorer. https://www.google.com/get/sunroof. Accessed 9 July 2021.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [36] A. Lopez, B. Roberts, D. Heimiller, N. Blair, G. Porro, “U.S. renewable energy technical potentials: A GIS-based analysis” (Report No. NREL/TP-6A20-51946; Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 2012). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

For the achievable scenario, an additional 5-10% uptake in bike/walk share to replace auto trips in urban environments would result in 45-55% of trips under one-half mile and 22-32% of trips under 4 miles being taken by walking or cycling by 2030, in line with current figures achieved in some parts of the United States.

“For the achievable scenario, an additional 5–10% uptake in bike/walk share to replace auto trips in urban environments would result in 45–55% of trips under a one-half mile and 22–32% of trips under 4 miles being taken by walking or cycling by 2030, in line with current figures achieved in some parts of the United States.”

May combine two claims.

In the technical scenario, the share of EVs in the cumulative fleet reaches 8.3%, a 125% increase over the achievable scenario, but CO2 emissions are reduced by only 2.3 megatons in 2030.

“In the technical scenario, the share of EVs in the cumulative fleet reaches 8.3% (a 125% increase in EVs compared to the achievable scenario), but CO2 emissions are reduced by only 2.3 megatons in 2030.”

May combine two claims.

Technical potential for alternative mobility is 21.5 Mt CO2-e, modeled as 45% of all trips taken by alternative transportation and 50% additional telecommuting by 2030.

“Technical potential (21.5 Mt CO2-e) is modeled as 45% of all trips taken by alternative transportation and 50% additional telecommuting by 2030.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

All income groups would benefit from improved public health from cleaner air, estimated to be worth $21 million annually over the next decade, principally from curbing childhood asthma and reducing adult lung and heart diseases.

“All income groups would benefit from the improved public health from cleaner air, estimated to be worth $21 million annually over the next decade, principally from curbing childhood asthma and reducing adult lung and heart diseases.”

May combine two claims.

Modeling demand response using GT-NEMS by allowing consumers to shift 20% of on-peak demand to off-peak results in a reduction of 1.7 megatons of CO2 and a cut in utility bills across all customer classes, averaging $2.4 million annually over the next decade, reducing energy burdens.

“We modeled demand response using GT-NEMS by allowing consumers to shift 20% of their on-peak demand for electricity to off-peak hours. The result is a reduction of 1.7 megatons of CO2 and a cut in utility bills across all customer classes, averaging $2.4 million annually over the next decade, reducing energy burdens.”

May combine two claims.

The interaction between retrofitting and large-scale solar is complex but primarily competitive.

“The second example—the interaction between retrofitting and large-scale solar—also complex, but primarily competitive.”

May combine two claims.

The interaction between EVs and large-scale solar is complex but primarily complementary, with scale and timing of deployment impacting potential synergies.

“The first example—the interaction between EVs and large-scale solar—is complex, but primarily complementary, with the scale and timing of deployment impacting potential synergies.”

May combine two claims.

Our analysis finds opportunities to reduce emissions by 37% in 2030 relative to 2017 levels, and by 47% relative to Georgia's 2005 net emissions.

“In contrast, our analysis finds opportunities to reduce emissions by 37% in 2030 relative to 2017 levels, and by 47% relative to Georgia’s 2005 net emissions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Project Drawdown's solutions as a whole address all 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals.

“As a whole, these solutions address all 17 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (20).”

• cites [20] C. Frischmann., “ Drawdown’s ‘system of solutions’ helps to achieve the SDGs” in Partnerships for the Goals, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Leal Filho, Ed. (Springer Nature, 2020), pp. 1– 25. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Charging electric vehicles with power from coal plants would increase carbon emissions and worsen air pollution.

“For instance, charging electric vehicles (EVs) with power from coal plants is counterproductive—it would increase carbon emissions and worsen air pollution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bromley-Trujillio et al. found that as the public becomes more concerned about the dangers posed by climate change, more states begin to respond.

“However, Bromley-Trujillio et al. (11) found that, as the public becomes more concerned about the dangers posed by climate change, more states begin to respond.”

• cites [11] R. Bromley-Trujillo, M. R. Holman, Climate change policymaking in the states: A view at 2020. Publius 50, 446– 472 (2020). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the European Union, subnational goals have emerged alongside the bloc-wide goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.

“This is true, for example, in the European Union, where subnational goals have emerged alongside the bloc-wide goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 (4).”

• cites [4] European Commission, EU Climate Action and the European Green Deal (2021). https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eu-climate-action_en. Accessed 5 April 2021.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Hawken offers a systems-oriented global study of carbon abatement approaches, including 100 solutions.

“Hawken (15) offers a systems-oriented global study of carbon abatement approaches. Included in its 100 solutions are the standard engineering options (such as on-shore wind, geothermal heat pumps, insulation, and high-speed rail), as well as nontraditional opportunities linked to culture and behavioral choices (such as educating women and girls, adopting plant-rich diets, and reducing food waste).”

• cites [15] P. Hawken, Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming (Penguin Press, 2017).Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Operating EVs with electricity from solar charging stations located in retail centers of historically marginalized communities would enable ultralow emissions mobility that also creates local jobs.

“However, operating EVs with electricity from solar charging stations located in the retail centers of historically marginalized communities would enable ultralow emissions mobility that also creates local jobs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Project Drawdown does not explain how a particular subnational locality can identify the solutions that are the best fit for its particular circumstances.

“What Project Drawdown does not do is explain how a particular subnational locality can identify the solutions that are the best fit for its particular circumstances.”

May combine two claims.

National mitigation and adaptation strategies are becoming increasingly standardized, making them more challenging to localize for subnational purposes.

“National mitigation and adaptation strategies are becoming increasingly standardized (12), making them more challenging to localize for subnational purposes.”

• cites [12] F. Alves., Climate change policies and agendas: Facing implementation challenges and guiding responses. Environ. Sci. Policy 104, 190– 198 (2020). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Less electricity will be generated from combusting landfill methane if organic waste is diverted to productive uses such as soil amendments in conservation agriculture and by creating new composting markets.

“For instance, less electricity will be generated from combusting landfill methane if organic waste is diverted to productive uses such as soil amendments in conservation agriculture and by creating new composting markets.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Project Drawdown does not show how to design integrated systems of solutions.

“It also does not show how to design integrated systems of solutions.”

May combine two claims.

More can be achieved at lower costs by exploiting socio-ecological-technological systems that are mutually supportive, and by considering their multidimensional impacts.

“More can be achieved at lower costs by exploiting socio-ecological-technological systems (SETs) that are mutually supportive (13), and by considering their multidimensional impacts (14).”

• cites [13] S. A. Markolf., Interdependent infrastructure as linked social, ecological, and technological systems (SETSs) to address lock‐in and enhance resilience. Earths Futur. 18, 1 (2018).Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [14] G. Skogstad, M. Wilder, Strangers at the gate: The role of multidimensional ideas, policy anomalies and institutional gatekeepers in biofuel policy developments in the USA and European Union. Policy Sci. 52, 343– 366 (2019). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Due to their local specificity, the economic uncertainty of our estimates is directionally more manageable than it would be for national or international approaches.

“Due to their local specificity, we believe the economic uncertainty of our estimates is directionally more manageable than it would be for national or international approaches.”

May combine two claims.

Georgia is almost 60% forested in private lands with an additional 3 million acres of public forests.

“Due to the abundance of forest trees and soils, Georgia benefits significantly from natural carbon sinks; the State is almost 60% forested in private lands with an additional 3 million acres of public forests (30).”

• cites [30] US Department of Agriculture, Georgia’s Land: Its Use and Condition Fourth Edition (Natural Resources Conservation Service, Athens, GA, 2016).Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Implementing some solutions will require public support through information/outreach and technical assistance programs, while others will require direct financial outlays from private individuals/firms or public institutions.

“However, implementing some solutions will require public support through information/outreach and technical assistance programs, while others will require direct financial outlays from private individuals/firms or public institutions.”

May combine two claims.

Relative to Georgia's 156.5 megatons of net emissions in 2005, the projected 2030 emissions would be a 50% reduction, consistent with the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement and follow-up US commitments.

“Relative to Georgia’s 156.5 megatons of net emissions in 2005, this would be a 50% reduction, which is consistent with the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement and follow-up commitments made on behalf of the United States in April 2021 by President Biden.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The baseline scenario assumes no change to the carbon sequestered in Georgia’s forest, soils, and coastal wetlands.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Brown and Sovacool describe eight case studies of GHG reduction programs that illustrate the benefit of polycentrism.

“Brown and Sovacool (22) describe eight case studies of GHG reduction programs that illustrate the benefit of such polycentrism—engaging multiple scales of intervention and a broad array of constituencies, including the business sector, layers of governance, civil leaders, and more.”

• cites [22] M. A. Brown, B. K. Sovacool, Climate Change And Global Energy Security: Technology and Policy Options (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2011).Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Transitions theorists often presuppose that disruption is a necessary requirement to alter systems characterized by strong incumbents with vested interests in the status quo.

“Transitions theorists often presuppose that disruption is a necessary requirement to alter systems characterized by strong incumbents with vested interests in the status quo (24).”

• cites [24] F. W. Geels, B. K. Sovacool, T. Schwanen, S. Sorrell, Sociotechnical transitions for deep decarbonization. Science 357, 1242– 1244 (2017). 28935795 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Solving climate change requires action at multiple nested levels, and involving multiple stakeholders responding to local conditions.

“Additionally, solving climate change requires action at multiple nested levels, and involving multiple stakeholders responding to local conditions (21).”

• cites [21] E. Ostrom, Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Glob. Environ. Change 20, 550– 557 (2010). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The literature on SETs framing for climate action is growing rapidly, arguing sustainable solutions that benefit both people and nature.

“The literature on SETs framing for climate action is growing rapidly, arguing sustainable solutions that benefit both people and nature (28, 29).”

• cites [28] A. J. Duff, P. H. Zedler, J. A. Barzen, D. L. Knuteson, The capacity-building stewardship model: Assessment of an agricultural network as a mechanism for improving regional agroecosystem sustainability. Ecol. Soc. 22, 45 (2017). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [29] H. M. Leslie., Operationalizing the social-ecological systems framework to assess sustainability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 5979– 5984 (2015). 25918372 PMC4434725 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Operationalizing SETs systems has been challenging.

“However, operationalizing these systems has been challenging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Companies in many industries can cut their energy bills by buying their own generation equipment and running it primarily on waste heat.

“For example, companies in many industries can cut their energy bills by buying their own generation equipment and running it primarily on waste heat.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If a solution can simultaneously tackle food insecurity, childhood asthma, and systemic unemployment, its likelihood of success could be greatly boosted.

“If a solution can simultaneously tackle food insecurity, childhood asthma, and systemic unemployment, its likelihood of success could be greatly boosted.”

May combine two claims.

Demand response changes standard electricity usage patterns of consumers, allowing utilities to reduce use of expensive and carbon-intensive peaking resources and thereby decreasing GHG emissions.

“In either case, DR changes the standard electricity usage patterns of consumers, allowing utilities to reduce their use of expensive and carbon-intensive peaking resources and thereby decreasing GHG emissions.”

May combine two claims.

Prior to the coronavirus pandemic, adults in the United States spent an average of 1 h driving every day, and 91% of the workforce commuted in personal vehicles.

“Prior to the coronavirus pandemic, adults in the United States spent an average of 1 h driving every day, and 91% of the workforce commuted in personal vehicles (42).”

• cites [42] Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National household travel survey daily travel quick facts. https://www.bts.gov/statistical-products/surveys/national-household-travel-survey-daily-travel-quick-facts. Accessed 9 December 2020.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

With a more comprehensive approach to promoting energy efficiency, a longer time horizon, and aggressive incentives, it would be possible to go beyond the "achievable" scenario.

“Indeed, with a more comprehensive approach to promoting energy efficiency, a longer time horizon, and aggressive incentives, it would be possible to go beyond our “achievable” scenario.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The result of these trends is a challenging era for the orchestration of power management.

“The result is a challenging era for the orchestration of power management.”

May combine two claims.

Success of rooftop solar depends on overcoming the financial challenges of high upfront installation costs, misaligned incentives between owners and renters, and underlying racial barriers.

“Success depends on overcoming the financial challenges of high upfront installation costs, misaligned incentives between owners and renters, and underlying racial barriers (41).”

• cites [41] D. A. Sunter, S. Castellanos, D. M. Kammen, Disparities in rooftop photovoltaics deployment in the United States by race and ethnicity. Nat. Sustain. 2, 71– 76 (2019). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Strategies are emerging through Solarize campaigns that use community solar to bring solar to renters and minorities.

“Strategies are emerging through Solarize campaigns that use community solar to bring solar to renters and minorities (40).”

• cites [40] L. Shaver, R. Shea, Solarize campaigns: Helping communities of color access rooftop solar. https://rmi.org/solarize-campaigns-helping-communities-of-color-access-rooftop-solar/. Accessed 9 July 2021.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

When access to energy becomes difficult, the burden is felt in every facet of life-housing, mobility, health, work, education, and more.

“When access to energy becomes difficult, the burden is felt in every facet of life—housing, mobility, health, work, education, and much more (47).”

• cites [47] M. A. Brown, A. Soni, M. V. Lapsa, K. A. Southworth, M. Cox, High energy burden and low-income energy affordability: Conclusions from a literature review. Progress in Energy 2, 10.1088/2516-1083/abb954 (2020). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These numbers dropped substantially during the pandemic as many offices adopted telework policies.

“These numbers dropped substantially during the pandemic as many offices adopted telework policies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Demand response can be seen as a type of decentralized energy storage that enhances demand-and-supply flexibility by separating the timing of electricity production from energy consumption.

“DR can be seen as a type of decentralized energy storage that enhances demand-and-supply flexibility, by separating the timing of electricity production from energy consumption.”

May combine two claims.

The achievable scenario represents a "Goldilocks" state for EV growth in Georgia: aggressive enough for meaningful CO2 reductions but not so ambitious as to jeopardize decarbonization or cost efficiency.

“Our achievable scenario represents a kind of “Goldilocks” state for EV growth in Georgia, in that the deployment is aggressive enough to result in meaningful CO2 reductions, but not so ambitious as to jeopardize decarbonization (e.g., force fossil fuels to be used to meet demand) or cost efficiency (e.g., require excessive/redundant infrastructure, or violate reserve capacity margins).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Rooftop solar is a job generator, but the solar workforce lacks diversity.

“While rooftop solar also is a job generator (38), the solar workforce lacks diversity (39).”

• cites [38] M. A. Brown, Y. Li, A. Soni, Are all jobs created equal? Regional employment impacts of a US carbon tax. Applied Energy 262, 114354 (2020). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [39] The Solar Foundation, National solar jobs report. https://www.thesolarfoundation.org/national/. Accessed 2 June 2020.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These trends have resulted in increased interest in flexible demand.

“This has resulted in an increased interest in flexible demand, our first example solution.”

May combine two claims.

This technical capacity would cut Georgia's carbon footprint by 12 megatons, making it an important target for future action.

“This technical capacity would cut Georgia’s carbon footprint by 12 megatons, making it an important target for future action.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Public health benefits of solutions can reduce health inequities by offering improved air quality and public health benefits for underresourced communities.

“On the positive side, the public health benefits of solutions can reduce health inequities by offering improved air quality and public health benefits for underresourced communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Building retrofits are especially important to help deal with other solutions that could raise electricity rates and exacerbate household energy burdens.

“Building retrofits are especially important to help deal with other solutions that could raise electricity rates and exacerbate household energy burdens (45).”

• cites [45] E. Johnson., Peak shifting and cross-class subsidization: The impacts of solar PV on changes in electricity costs. Energy Policy 106, 436– 444 (2017). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In Georgia, peak demand is met primarily by natural gas plants, but more polluting and inefficient single-cycle diesel combustion turbines also contribute.

“In Georgia, peak demand is met primarily by natural gas plants, but more polluting and inefficient single-cycle diesel combustion turbines also contribute.”

May combine two claims.

When food waste ends up in landfills, some breaks down to CO2 where oxygen is high enough, but most degrades into methane, a particularly potent GHG.

“When food waste ends up in landfills, some is broken down to CO2 where oxygen levels are high enough, but most degrades into methane, which is a particularly potent GHG (45).”

• cites [45] E. Johnson., Peak shifting and cross-class subsidization: The impacts of solar PV on changes in electricity costs. Energy Policy 106, 436– 444 (2017). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Demand response has traditionally involved cutting consumption during peak hours, when electricity is most expensive and polluting.

“Demand response (DR) has traditionally involved cutting consumption during peak hours, when electricity is most expensive and polluting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In many regions of the United States, electricity systems are being strained by four trends: the grid is expanding its renewable portfolio, transportation and buildings are increasingly reliant on electricity, many coal plants are being retired, and distributed energy resources are proliferating.

“For context, we note that in many regions of the United States, electricity systems are being strained by four trends. The grid is expanding its renewable portfolio, transportation and buildings are increasingly reliant on electricity, many coal plants are being retired, and distributed energy resources are proliferating.”

May combine two claims.

System peaks may be reduced by clipping demand during peak hours or shifting load from on-peak to off-peak hours.

“System peaks may be reduced by clipping demand during peak hours or shifting load from on-peak to off-peak hours.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

America's Pledge relies primarily on renewable electricity, energy efficiency, afforestation, land use, and EVs.

“America’s Pledge relies primarily on renewable electricity, energy efficiency, afforestation, land use, and EVs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Individual solutions fit with specific institutions already in place, and tying them into nested polycentric institutional frameworks strengthens the likelihood of success.

“Individual solutions fit with specific institutions that are already in place, and by tying them into nested polycentric institutional frameworks, the likelihood of success is strengthened.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A key strength of the analytical approach is its use of open-source data and publicly available analytical tools.

“Key among the strengths is its use of open-source data and publicly available analytical tools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These two examples illustrate why strategies need to consider interactions and "systems" of solutions.

“These two examples illustrate why strategies need to consider interactions and “systems” of solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In subsequent decades, additional solutions will be needed to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by midcentury, possibly including renewable hydrogen fuels, offshore wind, and direct air capture of CO2.

“In subsequent decades, additional solutions will be needed to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by midcentury, possibly including renewable hydrogen fuels, offshore wind, and direct air capture of CO2.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Retrofitting reduces carbon emissions through the reduction of building energy consumption.

“Retrofitting reduces carbon emissions through the reduction of building energy consumption.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These efforts align closely with our most promising solutions.

“These efforts align closely with our most promising solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The result that EV and solar interactions are synergistic is consistent with Hoarau and Perez, who find synergies across the academic literature.

“This result is consistent with that of Hoarau and Perez (58) who find synergies in the interaction between EVs and solar photovoltaics across the academic literature.”

• cites [58] Q. Hoarau, Y. Perez, Interactions between electric mobility and photovoltaic generation: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 94, 510– 522 (2018). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Differences between our results and America's Pledge are likely due to disparate assumptions about state, local, and federal responsibilities and about potential penetration rates of technologies.

“While these differences are likely the result of disparate assumptions about state, local, and federal responsibilities, as well as assumptions about potential penetration rates of various technologies, it is worth noting that America’s Pledge finds three largely similar levers for potential reductions to carbon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

America's Pledge finds three largely similar levers for potential carbon reductions.

“America’s Pledge finds three largely similar levers for potential reductions to carbon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Another strength is the assessment of SETs, which led to close examination of interactions across solutions and consideration of carbon-reduction actions in the context of other societal priorities.

“Another strength is our assessment of SETs, which led us to closely examine interactions across solutions and to consider carbon-reduction actions in the context of other societal priorities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Land sinks can absorb carbon safely and securely.

“Land sinks, on the other hand, can absorb carbon safely and securely.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

More forests mean more wildlife habitats, low-cost recreational lands, and cleaner water and air because trees deliver pollutant filtration.

“In addition, more forests mean more wildlife habitats and low-cost recreational lands, as well as cleaner water and air because trees deliver powerful pollutant filtration ecosystems (48, 53, 54).”

• cites [48] J. Lewis, D. Hernández, A. T. Geronimus, Energy efficiency as energy justice: Addressing racial inequities through investments in people and places. Energy Effic. 13, 419– 432 (2019). 33737861 PMC7966972 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [53] P. V. Bolstad, W. T. Swank, Cumulative impacts of land use on water quality in a southern Appalachian watershed. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 33, 519– 533 (1997). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [54] P. Baas, J. D. Knoepp, D. Markewitz, J. E. Mohan, Areas of residential development in the southern Appalachian mountains are characterized by low riparian zone nitrogen cycling and no increase in soil greenhouse gas emissions. Biogeochemistry 133, 10.1007/s10533-017-0318-9 (2017). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

While the solutions are specific enough to target near-term impact, their ultimate scalability will benefit from continued research and development supporting a broad range of uses and solutions beyond those down-selected.

“First, while the solutions are specific enough to target near-term impact, their ultimate scalability will benefit from continued research and development that supports a broad range of uses and solutions beyond those that we down-selected.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A major motivation for EVs is shifting prime energy resources from liquid hydrocarbon fuels to grid power.

“A major motivation for EVs is the goal of shifting prime energy resources from liquid hydrocarbon fuels to grid power.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mid- and long-term solutions can be difficult to translate into large-scale options if today's choices make them more costly to develop in the future, an example of near-term solutions becoming barriers to alternative and potentially more transformative changes.

“Such mid- and long-term solutions can be difficult to translate into large-scale options if today’s choices make them more costly to develop in the future—an example of near-term solutions becoming barriers to the deployment of alternative and potentially more transformative changes (32).”

• cites [32] M. A. Brown., Translating a global emission-reduction framework for subnational climate action: A case study from the state of Georgia. Environ. Manage. 67, 205– 227 (2021). 33449138 PMC7809095 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Solutions may be scoped to describe the achievement of the carbon impacts identified but allow for the application and deployment of a broad subset of technologies.

“Second, solutions may be scoped to describe the achievement of the carbon impacts we identified but allow for the application and deployment of a broad subset of technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Battery storage and associated technologies, through improvements, will enhance the benefits of solar and EVs, as well as wind energy.

“One example relates to battery storage and associated technologies, which via improvements, will enhance the benefits of solar and EVs, as well as wind energy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Carbon reductions by the year 2030 are a key metric for down-selecting solutions for Georgia.

“First, carbon reductions by the year 2030 are a key metric for down-selecting solutions for Georgia.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The atmosphere is the most common waste repository for carbon, which is causing the climate change that we now must manage.

“The atmosphere is the most common waste repository for carbon (52), which is causing the climate change that we now must manage.”

• cites [52] W. H. Schlesinger, E. S. Bernhardt, “ The global cycles of carbon and oxygen” in Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change (Academic, London, UK, ed. 4, 2020), chap. 11, pp. 1297– 1399.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Synergistic emissions occur when implementing one solution, such as large-scale solar, boosts the emissions reduction of another, as when EVs operate on lower-carbon electricity.

“Synergistic emissions occur when the implementation of one solution (such as large-scale solar) boosts the emissions reduction of another, as occurs when EVs operate on lower-carbon electricity.”

• cites [32] M. A. Brown., Translating a global emission-reduction framework for subnational climate action: A case study from the state of Georgia. Environ. Manage. 67, 205– 227 (2021). 33449138 PMC7809095 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The literature often deals with co-benefits and competing goals.

“The literature also often deals with co-benefits and competing goals (55–57).”

• cites [55] V. Viguié, S. Hallegatte, Trade-offs and synergies in urban climate policies. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2, 334– 337 (2012). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [56] A. Sharifi, Co-benefits and synergies between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review. Sci. Total Environ. 750, 141642 (2021). 32858298 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [57] H. B. Dulal, Making cities resilient to climate change: Identifying “win–win” interventions. Local Environ. 22, 106– 125 (2017). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Competitive and synergistic impacts are one of the motivations for economy-wide modeling of emissions strategies.

“Competitive and synergistic impacts are one of the motivations for economy-wide modeling of emissions strategies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

America's Pledge attributes lower potential to states and localities, suggesting 25% potential reductions relative to 2017 levels, with many embedded in existing policies and programs rather than new efforts.

“America’s Pledge attributes lower potential to states and localities, suggesting 25% potential reductions relative to 2017 levels, with many of these embedded in existing policies and programs rather than new efforts.”

May combine two claims.

Marginal CO2 emission rates can become important and would be higher than average rates if EV charging is not managed carefully throughout the day.

“It should be noted that marginal CO2 emission rates (e.g., on an hourly basis) can become important, and would be higher than average rates, if EV charging is not managed carefully throughout the day (e.g., solar energy will not directly charge EVs at night, but instead offset other forms of generation).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Addressing the full range of macroeconomic effects will require general equilibrium models for each solution, whose specification and results depend heavily on how the solution is implemented.

“At the same time, addressing the full range of macroeconomic effects will require general equilibrium models for each solution, the specification and results of which will be highly dependent on how the solution is implemented.”

May combine two claims.

The growth of large-scale solar to replace fossil fuel-based grid power decreases the carbon intensity of the grid, lowering the avoided emissions from retrofitting because each unit of power saved is equivalent to less CO2.

“The growth of large-scale solar to replace fossil fuel-based grid power generation decreases the carbon intensity of the grid, lowering the avoided emissions from retrofitting as every unit of power saved is now equivalent to less CO2.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This analysis was finalized prior to the passage of the 2020 omnibus appropriations bill that included legislation to phase down hydrofluorocarbons nationwide.

“This analysis was finalized prior to the passage of the 2020 omnibus appropriations bill that included legislation to phase down hydrofluorocarbons nationwide.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Our state-level focus attributes many refrigerant-management efforts to federal policy outside the purview of local officials, highlighting the importance of different approaches to these analyses.

“In addition, our state-level focus attributes many of these efforts to federal policy that exists outside the purview of local officials, highlighting the importance of different approaches to these types of analyses.”

May combine two claims.

Almost 60% of land in Georgia is composed of naturally recruited and planted temperate forests, and Georgia is the number one forestry state in the nation.

“Almost 60% of land in Georgia is composed of naturally recruited and planted temperate forests, and Georgia is the number one forestry state in the nation (29).”

• cites [29] H. M. Leslie., Operationalizing the social-ecological systems framework to assess sustainability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 5979– 5984 (2015). 25918372 PMC4434725 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A third strength is the elaboration of the role of nested solutions that can be acted upon at the state and local level, independently or in conjunction with federal policies.

“A third strength is our elaboration of the role of nested solutions that can be acted upon at the state and local level, independently or in conjunction with federal policies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Our results are broadly consistent with approaches like Project Drawdown and America's Pledge, yet highlight differences reflecting our modeling choices and problem context.

“Our results are broadly consistent with approaches like Project Drawdown and America’s Pledge, yet highlight some differences as well that reflect our modeling choices and problem context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The systematic and replicable methodology used to down-select 20 high-impact solutions for Georgia from Project Drawdown's original list of about 100 options involved five steps.

“The systematic and replicable methodology used to down-select 20 high-impact solutions for Georgia from Project Drawdown’s original list of ∼100 options (15) involved five steps that are described in SI Appendix.”

• cites [15] P. Hawken, Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming (Penguin Press, 2017).Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Our treatment of solution interactions considers only first-order effects and not the second-order macroeconomic impact of prices and quantities.

“Our treatment of solution interactions considers only first-order effects and not the second-order macroeconomic impact of prices and quantities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These limitations result from the fact that we have only partially and incompletely considered the full range of policy levers available to promote climate technologies.

“These limitations result from the fact that we have only partially and incompletely considered the full range of policy levers available to promote climate technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The broad inclusion of stakeholders in policy decision-making and implementation is particularly important in addressing the needs of communities in Georgia that are more vulnerable to climate change, including people at risk due to their locations, available services, and economic situations.

“The broad inclusion of stakeholders in policy decision-making and implementation is particularly important in addressing the needs of communities in Georgia that are more vulnerable to climate change (59), including people at risk due to their locations, available services, and economic situations (60).”

• cites [59] K. C. Binita, J. M. Shepherd, C. Johnson, Climate change vulnerability assessment in Georgia. Appl. Geogr., 10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.04.007 (2015). sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [60] US Global Change Research Program, Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment (US Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 2018), Volume II.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Retrofitting buildings refers to a range of possible interventions that can also be applied to deepen impact in both commercial and residential sectors.

“For example, retrofitting buildings refers to a range of possible interventions that can also be applied to deepen impact in both commercial and residential sectors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The deployment of these 20 solutions can assist or thwart other societal priorities.

“Finally, the deployment of these 20 solutions can assist or thwart other societal priorities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Our analysis to date does not consider all of the potential leakage, rebound effects, or life cycle impacts of each solution.

“Second, our analysis to date does not consider all of the potential leakage, rebound effects, or life cycle impacts of each solution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Drawdown Georgia project engaged experts and stakeholders at multiple points in the research process to ensure that community preferences were considered and that relevant climate solutions were thoroughly vetted.

“The Drawdown Georgia project engaged experts and stakeholders at multiple points in the research process to ensure that community preferences were considered and that relevant climate solutions were thoroughly vetted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

To address the full range of macroeconomic effects requires general equilibrium models for each solution, whose specification and results depend heavily on how the solution is implemented.

“To address the full range of macroeconomic effects requires general equilibrium models for each solution, the specification and results of which will be highly dependent on how the solution is implemented.”

May combine two claims.

The abatement cost estimates for each solution are average costs that may not be applicable across all scales, and the inclusion of transaction costs across solutions is variable.

“Third, the abatement cost estimates for each solution are average costs that may not be applicable across all scales, and the inclusion of transaction costs across solutions is variable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In many cases, such as food waste and recycling, institutional or information barriers require significant costs to overcome that may not be fully incorporated into cost estimates.

“In many cases (e.g., food waste and recycling), there are institutional, or information barriers that would require significant costs to overcome that may not be fully incorporated into cost estimates.”