Various potential techniques to reduce the water footprint of microalgal biomass production for biofuel—a review
Abstract
Due to their rapid growth rates, high lipid productivity, and ability to synthesize value-added products, microalgae are considered as the potential biofuel feedstocks. However, among the several bottlenecks that are hindering the commercialization of microalgal biofuel synthesis, the issue of high water consumption is the least explored. This analysis, therefore, examines the factors that decide water use for the production of microalgae biofuel. Microalgae biodiesel water footprint varies from 3.5 to 3726 kg of water per kg of biodiesel. The study further investigates the cause for large variability in the estimation of the water footprint for microalgae fuel. Various strategies, including the reuse of harvested water, the use of high density cultivation that could be adopted for low water consumption in microalgal biofuel production are discussed. Specifically, the review identified a reciprocal relationship between biomass productivity and water footprint. On the basis of which the review emphasizes the significance of high density cultivation, which can be inexpensive and feasible relative to other water-saving techniques. With the setback of water scarcity due to the rapid industrialization in developing countries, the implementation of the cultivation system with a focus on minimizing the water consumption is inevitable for a successful large scale microalgal biofuel production.
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When the growth media is recycled, the water footprint of microalgae can be reduced by 90%.
“For example, when the growth media is recycled, the water footprint of microalgae can be reduced by 90% (Pugazhendhi et al., 2020).”
From Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture (2021) · cites this paper as Pugazhendhi et al., 2020
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Temperature Fluctuation and Evaporative Loss Rate in an Algae Biofilm Photobioreactor
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Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture
Nagappan, S., Das, P., AbdulQuadir, M., Thaher, M., Khan, S., Mahata, C., Al-Jabri, H., Vatland, A. K., & Kumar, G. (2021) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.003 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
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Vamsi Krishna, K., Bharathi, N., George Shiju, S., Alagesan Paari, K., & Malaviya, A. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20637-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Leca, M.-A., Regnault, L., Sambusiti, C., Monlau, F., Le Guer, Y., & Beigbeder, J.-B. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126984
- Authors
- Pugazhendhi, A., Nagappan, S., Bhosale, R. R., Tsai, P.-C., Natarajan, S., Devendran, S., Al-Haj, L., Ponnusamy, V. K., & Kumar, G.
- Affiliations
- Ton Duc Thang University (VN)
- Anna University, Chennai (IN)
- Qatar University (QA)
- Kaohsiung Medical University (TW)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Ponnusamy, Vinoth Kumar
- Kumar, Gopalakrishnan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 749
- Pages
- 142218
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3086772438
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 13
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, India
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST107-2113-M-037-007-MY2)
- Kaohsiung Medical University (NSYSU-KMU 107-I004)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Keywords
- microalgae, water footprint, microalgae biodiesel, biofuel feedstock, water reuse, high-density cultivation, water scarcity, biomass productivity, water conservation
- MeSH terms
- Water, Biomass, Biofuels, Microalgae
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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