The DOI matches its Crossref record; 212 of the 214 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Review of concepts and applications of electrochemical ion separation (EIONS) process
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“They have greater storage capacity, Li + selectivity, and capacitance but slower removal rates than non-faradic (capacitive) electrodes (Patrice et al., 2014; Yoon et al., 2019).”
From A review of technologies for direct lithium extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions (2022) · cites this paper as Yoon et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“making it highly efficient compared to traditional desalination methods such as reverse osmosis [23,25,26].”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Specifically, CDI achieves an energy consumption of less than 0.5-2.5 kWh/m 3 when treating water with TDS concentrations below 2000 mg/L”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
Cites
Where do batteries end and supercapacitors begin?
Simon, P., Gogotsi, Y., & Dunn, B. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1249625 · Cited by 5,634
Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today's challenges
Greenlee, L. F., Lawler, D. F., Freeman, B. D., Marrot, B., & Moulin, P. (2009) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010 · Cited by 3,418
LI. A contribution to the theory of electrocapillarity
Chapman, D. L. (1913) · The London Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science · doi:10.1080/14786440408634187 · Cited by 2,833
Membrane distillation: A comprehensive review
Alkhudhiri, A., Darwish, N. A., & Hilal, N. (2011) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2011.08.027 · Cited by 2,671
Mohan, D., Sarswat, A., Ok, Y. S., & Pittman, C. U. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.120 · Cited by 2,313
Hybrid energy storage: the merging of battery and supercapacitor chemistries
Dubal, D. P., Ayyad, O., Ruiz, V., & Gómez‐Romero, P. (2015) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c4cs00266k · Cited by 2,220
Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization
Porada, S., Zhao, R., van der Wal, A., Presser, V., & Biesheuvel, P. M. (2013) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.03.005 · Cited by 2,188
Lee, K. P., Arnot, T., & Mattia, D. (2010) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.036 · Cited by 2,152
Seader, J. D., & Henley, E. J. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-5112 · Cited by 1,786
Water desalination via capacitive deionization: what is it and what can we expect from it?
Suss, M. E., Porada, S., Sun, X., Biesheuvel, P. M., Yoon, J., & Presser, V. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee00519a · Cited by 1,743
Recovery and recycling of lithium: a review
Swain, B. (2017) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2016.08.031 · Cited by 1,713
Sur la constitution de la charge électrique à la surface d'un électrolyte
Gouy, M. (1910) · Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée · doi:10.1051/jphystap:019100090045700 · Cited by 1,624
Ghaffour, N., Missimer, T. M., & Amy, G. L. (2013) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2012.10.015 · Cited by 1,603
Eutrophication of U.S. Freshwaters: Analysis of Potential Economic Damages
Dodds, W. K., Bouska, W. W., Eitzmann, J. L., Pilger, T. J., Pitts, K. L., Riley, A. J., Schloesser, J. T., & Thornbrugh, D. J. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es801217q · Cited by 1,576
Aqueous Rechargeable Li and Na Ion Batteries
Kim, H., Hong, J., Park, K., Kim, H., Kim, S., & Kang, K. (2014) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr500232y · Cited by 1,497
Sea Water Demineralization by Means of an Osmotic Membrane
Loeb, S., & SOURIRAJAN, S. (1963) · Advances in chemistry series · doi:10.1021/ba-1963-0038.ch009 · Cited by 1,362
Al-Karaghouli, A., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2013) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.064 · Cited by 1,274
Oren, Y. (2008) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.08.005 · Cited by 1,186
The crystal structure of Prussian Blue: Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3.xH2O
Buser, H. J., Schwarzenbach, D., Petter, W., & Lüdi, A. (1977) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ic50177a008 · Cited by 1,019
Helmholtz, H. (1853) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.18531650603 · Cited by 989
Studien über electrische Grenzschichten
Helmholtz, H. (1879) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.18792430702 · Cited by 957
Anderson, M. A., Cudero, A. L., & Palma, J. (2010) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.012 · Cited by 943
Towards global phosphorus security: A systems framework for phosphorus recovery and reuse options
Cordell, D., Rosemarin, A. S., Schröder, J. J., & Smit, A. L. (2011) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.032 · Cited by 920
Liquid Separation by Membrane Pervaporation: A Review
Feng, X., & Huang, R. Y. M. (1997) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie960189g · Cited by 838
Faradaic reactions in capacitive deionization (CDI) - problems and possibilities: A review
Zhang, C., He, D., Ma, J., Tang, W., & Waite, T. D. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.024 · Cited by 781
Modern Practice of Gas Chromatography
(2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471651141 · Cited by 760
Second generation ‘nanohybrid supercapacitor’: Evolution of capacitive energy storage devices
Naoi, K., Ishimoto, S., Miyamoto, J., & Naoi, W. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee21675b · Cited by 728
Desalination via a New Membrane Capacitive Deionization Process Utilizing Flow-Electrodes
Jeon, S.-I., Park, H.-R., Yeo, J.-G., Yang, S., Cho, C. H., Han, M. H., & Kim, D. K. (2013) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c3ee24443a · Cited by 727
Separation of organic?organic mixtures by pervaporation?a review*1
Smitha, B. (2004) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2004.03.042 · Cited by 724
Hybrid capacitive deionization to enhance the desalination performance of capacitive techniques
Lee, J., Kim, S., Kim, C., & Yoon, J. (2014) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee02378a · Cited by 684
Treatment of brackish produced water using carbon aerogel-based capacitive deionization technology
Xu, P., Drewes, J. E., Heil, D., & Wang, G. (2008) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.011 · Cited by 596
Yin, H., Zhao, S., Wan, J., Tang, H., Chang, L., He, L., Zhao, H., Gao, Y. P., & Tang, Z. (2013) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201302223 · Cited by 546
Chemical Micro Process Engineering
Hessel, V., Hardt, S., & Löwe, H. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/3527603042 · Cited by 542
Energy consumption and constant current operation in membrane capacitive deionization
Zhao, R., Biesheuvel, P. M., & van der Wal, A. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee21737f · Cited by 526
Desalination of a thermal power plant wastewater by membrane capacitive deionization
Lee, J.-B., Park, K.-K., Eum, H.-M., & Lee, C. (2006) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.01.011 · Cited by 522
Pasta, M., Wessells, C., Cui, Y., & Mantia, F. L. (2012) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl203889e · Cited by 505
Capacitive Deionization of NaCl and NaNO3 Solutions with Carbon Aerogel Electrodes
Farmer, J. C., Fix, D. V., Mack, G. V., Pekala, R. W., & Poco, J. F. (1996) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.1836402 · Cited by 493
MXene as a novel intercalation-type pseudocapacitive cathode and anode for capacitive deionization
Srimuk, P., Kaasik, F., Krüner, B., Tolosa, A., Fleischmann, S., Jäckel, N., Tekeli, M. C., Aslan, M., Suss, M. E., & Presser, V. (2016) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c6ta07833h · Cited by 477
Removing heavy metals from waste water
Dean, J. G., Bosqui, F. L., & Lanouette, K. H. (1972) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es60065a006 · Cited by 475
Study of the Insertion/Deinsertion Mechanism of Sodium into Na0.44MnO2
Sauvage, F., Laffont, L., Tarascon, J. ‐., & Baudrin, E. (2007) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ic0700250 · Cited by 470
Capacitive Deionization Technology™: An alternative desalination solution
Welgemoed, T. J., & Schutte, C. F. (2005) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.054 · Cited by 461
Seo, S., Jeon, H., Lee, J. K., Kim, G.-Y., Park, D., Nojima, H., Lee, J., & Moon, S. (2009) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.020 · Cited by 452
Recent advances in supported liquid membrane technology
Kocherginsky, N., Yang, Q., & Seelam, L. (2006) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2006.06.022 · Cited by 452
Metal ion exchange by natural and modified zeolites
Ćurković, L., Cerjan‐Stefanović, Š., & Filipan, T. (1997) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00411-3 · Cited by 419
Gao, X., Omosebi, A., Landon, J., & Liu, K. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee03172e · Cited by 416
Membrane separation processes: Current relevance and future opportunities
Strathmann, H. (2001) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.690470514 · Cited by 406
Electrodialysis-based Separation Technologies: A Critical Review
Xu, T., & Huang, C. (2008) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.11643 · Cited by 402
Capacitive desalination with flow-through electrodes
Suss, M. E., Baumann, T. F., Bourcier, W. L., Spadaccini, C. M., Rose, K. A., Santiago, J. G., & Stadermann, M. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee21498a · Cited by 398
Review on carbon-based composite materials for capacitive deionization
Liu, Y., Nie, C., Liu, X., Xu, X., Sun, Z., & Pan, L. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra14447c · Cited by 395
Zhao, R., Porada, S., Biesheuvel, P. M., & van der Wal, A. (2013) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.08.017 · Cited by 383
Membrane technology in the chemical industry
Nunes, S. P. (2001) · doi:10.1002/3527600388 · Cited by 376
Activated carbon nanofiber webs made by electrospinning for capacitive deionization
Wang, G., Pan, C., Wang, L., Dong, Q., Yu, C., Zhao, Z., & Qiu, J. (2012) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.066 · Cited by 371
Carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization
Huang, Z., Yang, Z., Kang, F., & Inagaki, M. (2016) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c6ta06733f · Cited by 371
Using mesoporous carbon electrodes for brackish water desalination
Zou, L. Y., Li, L., Song, H., & Morris, G. E. (2008) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.12.022 · Cited by 369
Dual-ions electrochemical deionization: a desalination generator
Chen, F., Huang, Y., Guo, L., Sun, L., Wang, Y., & Yang, H. Y. (2017) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c7ee00855d · Cited by 349
Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry
Koros, W. J. (2001) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(01)00625-1 · Cited by 346
Energy Recovery in Membrane Capacitive Deionization
Długołęcki, P., & van der Wal, A. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3053202 · Cited by 344
Modeling a novel ion exchange process for arsenic and nitrate removal
Kim, J., & Benjamin, M. M. (2004) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.012 · Cited by 343
Hou, C., & Huang, C.-Y. (2013) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.029 · Cited by 326
Nam, D., & Choi, K. (2017) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.7b01119 · Cited by 316
Zhang, J., Fang, J., Han, J., Yan, T., Shi, L., & Zhang, D. (2018) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c8ta04813d · Cited by 313
Wang, H., Zhang, D., Yan, T., Wen, X., Zhang, J., Shi, L., & Zhong, Q. (2013) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c3ta11926b · Cited by 290
Porada, S., Shrivastava, A., Bukowska, P., Biesheuvel, P. M., & Smith, K. C. (2017) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.137 · Cited by 285
Water Desalination with Energy Storage Electrode Materials
Suss, M. E., & Presser, V. (2018) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.12.010 · Cited by 285
Rocking Chair Desalination Battery Based on Prussian Blue Electrodes
Lee, J., Kim, S., & Yoon, J. (2017) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.6b00526 · Cited by 284
Low Energy Desalination Using Battery Electrode Deionization
Kim, T., Gorski, C. A., & Logan, B. E. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00392 · Cited by 283
Batteries for lithium recovery from brines
Pasta, M., Battistel, A., & La Mantia, F. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee22977c · Cited by 278
CDI ragone plot as a functional tool to evaluate desalination performance in capacitive deionization
Kim, T., & Yoon, J. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra11257a · Cited by 271
Li extraction from high Mg/Li ratio brine with LiFePO4/FePO4 as electrode materials
Zhao, Z., Xiu-fen, S. I., Liu, X., He, L., & Liang, X. (2012) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.11.013 · Cited by 261
Lithium Rocking Chair Batteries: An Old Concept?
Scrosati, B. (1992) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.2068978 · Cited by 260
Li, H., Pan, L., Lu, T., Zhan, Y., Nie, C., & Sun, Z. (2011) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.012 · Cited by 252
Na2FeP2O7 as a Novel Material for Hybrid Capacitive Deionization
Kim, S., Lee, J., Kim, C., & Yoon, J. (2016) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.056 · Cited by 252
Hatzell, K. B., Hatzell, M. C., Cook, K. M., Boota, M., Housel, G. M., McBride, A., Kumbur, E. C., & Gogotsi, Y. G. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es5055989 · Cited by 247
Kim, T., Dykstra, J. E., Porada, S., van der Wal, A., Yoon, J., & Biesheuvel, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.041 · Cited by 242
Liang, P., Sun, X., Bian, Y., Zhang, H., Yang, X., Jiang, Y. G., Liu, P., & Huang, X. (2017) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2017.05.023 · Cited by 237
Lee, J. H., Bae, W., & Choi, J. (2010) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2010.03.020 · Cited by 235
Highly mesoporous activated carbon electrode for capacitive deionization
Wang, G., Qian, B., Dong, Q., Yang, J., Zhao, Z., & Qiu, J. (2012) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2012.10.041 · Cited by 235
Fluoride and nitrate removal from brackish groundwaters by batch-mode capacitive deionization
Tang, W., Kovalsky, P., He, D., & Waite, T. D. (2015) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.012 · Cited by 231
Srimuk, P., Halim, J., Lee, J., Tao, Q., Rosén, J., & Presser, V. (2018) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04095 · Cited by 229
Lithium recovery from brine using a λ-MnO2/activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor system
Kim, S., Lee, J., Kang, J. S., Jo, K., Kim, S., Sung, Y.-E., & Yoon, J. (2015) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.024 · Cited by 228
Quist-Jensen, C. A., Ali, A., Mondal, S., Macedonio, F., & Drioli, E. (2016) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2016.01.033 · Cited by 224
Highly selective lithium recovery from brine using a λ-MnO2–Ag battery
Lee, J., Yu, S.-H., Kim, C., Sung, Y.-E., & Yoon, J. (2013) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c3cp50919b · Cited by 220
Self-citationElectrochemical water softening: principle and application
Gabrielli, C., Maurin, G., Francy-Chausson, H., Thery, P., Tran, M. T. T., & Tlili, M. (2006) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.012 · Cited by 213
New sorbents for olefin/paraffin separations by adsorption via π ‐complexation
Yang, R. T., & Kikkinides, E. S. (1995) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.690410309 · Cited by 213
Liu, P., Yan, T., Zhang, J., Shi, L., & Zhang, D. (2017) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c7ta03515b · Cited by 211
Gao, X., Omosebi, A., Landon, J., & Liu, K. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02320 · Cited by 206
Chemically exfoliated MoS2 for capacitive deionization of saline water
Xing, F., Tao, L., Li, J., Zhu, H., Wang, N., & Cao, X. (2016) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.012 · Cited by 206
Guo, L., Mo, R., Shi, W., Huang, Y., Leong, Z. Y., Ding, M., Chen, F., & Yang, H. Y. (2017) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c7nr03579a · Cited by 206
Electrochemical Recovery of Lithium Ions in the Aqueous Phase
Kanoh, H., Ooi, Κ., Miyai, Y., & Katoh, S. (1993) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01496399308019512 · Cited by 201
Aslani, P., & Kennedy, R. A. (1996) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(96)01369-7 · Cited by 200
Fundamentals and costing of MSF desalination plants and comparison with other technologies
Borsani, R., & Rebagliati, S. (2005) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.007 · Cited by 198
Wang, Z., Yan, T., Fang, J., Shi, L., & Zhang, D. (2016) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c6ta02420c · Cited by 197
Grafting sulfonic and amine functional groups on 3D graphene for improved capacitive deionization
Liu, P., Wang, H., Yan, T., Zhang, J., Shi, L., & Zhang, D. (2016) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c5ta10680j · Cited by 196
Fluidized bed electrodes with high carbon loading for water desalination by capacitive deionization
Doornbusch, G., Dykstra, J. E., Biesheuvel, P. M., & Suss, M. E. (2016) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c5ta10316a · Cited by 193
Progress in membrane crystallization
Drioli, E., Profio, G. D., & Curcio, E. (2012) · Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.coche.2012.03.005 · Cited by 192
Study on lithium extraction from brines based on LiMn2O4/Li1-xMn2O4 by electrochemical method
Zhao, M., Ji, Z., Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., & Yuan, J. (2017) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.178 · Cited by 192
Selective removal of nitrate ion using a novel composite carbon electrode in capacitive deionization
Kim, Y.-J., & Choi, J. (2012) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.031 · Cited by 190
Role of titania incorporated on activated carbon cloth for capacitive deionization of NaCl solution
Ryoo, M.-W., Kim, J., & Seo, G. (2003) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00375-8 · Cited by 190
Preparation and Application of Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization (CDI): a State-of-Art Review
Jia, B., & Zhang, W. (2016) · Nanoscale Research Letters · doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1284-1 · Cited by 186
Electro-removal of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) from aqueous solutions by capacitive deionization
Fan, C.-S., Tseng, S. K., Li, K., & Hou, C. (2016) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.055 · Cited by 185
Redox-electrodes for selective electrochemical separations
Su, X., & Hatton, T. A. (2016) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2016.09.001 · Cited by 185
Byles, B. W., Cullen, D. A., More, K. L., & Pomerantseva, E. A. (2017) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.12.015 · Cited by 184
Effect of electrode thickness variation on operation of capacitive deionization
Porada, S., Bryjak, M., van der Wal, A., & Biesheuvel, P. M. (2012) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.083 · Cited by 182
Smith, K. C., & Dmello, R. D. (2016) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0761603jes · Cited by 182
Zheng, P., Zhang, D., Shi, L., & Yan, T. (2012) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c2jm16735b · Cited by 177
Yang, J., Zou, L. Y., Song, H., & Hao, Z. (2011) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.044 · Cited by 175
Electro-enhanced removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions by capacitive deionization
Huang, S., Fan, C.-S., & Hou, C. (2014) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.074 · Cited by 172
Modern practice of gas chromatography
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-2820 · Cited by 170
Liu, Y., Hsi, H., Li, K., & Hou, C. (2016) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00974 · Cited by 166
Development of Redox-Active Flow Electrodes for High-Performance Capacitive Deionization
Ma, J., He, D., Tang, W., Kovalsky, P., He, C., Zhang, C., & Waite, T. D. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b03424 · Cited by 166
Li, Y., Zhang, C., Jiang, Y., Wang, T.-J., & Wang, H. (2016) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.09.011 · Cited by 165
Choi, S., Chang, B., Kim, S., Lee, J., Yoon, J., & Choi, J. W. (2018) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201802665 · Cited by 164
Chen, Z., Zhang, H., Wu, C., Wang, Y., & Li, W. (2015) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2015.04.022 · Cited by 162
Qu, Y., Campbell, P. G., Gu, L., Knipe, J. M., Dzenitis, E., Santiago, J. G., & Stadermann, M. (2016) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.09.014 · Cited by 159
Beneficial use of co-produced water through membrane treatment: technical-economic assessment
Xu, P. Y., Drewes, J. E., & Heil, D. (2008) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.04.093 · Cited by 157
Electrochemical Demineralization of Water with Porous Electrodes of Large Surface Area
Blair, J., & Murphy, G. W. (1960) · Advances in chemistry series · doi:10.1021/ba-1960-0027.ch020 · Cited by 156
Kang, J., Kim, T., Jo, K., & Yoon, J. (2014) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2014.08.009 · Cited by 155
Single module flow-electrode capacitive deionization for continuous water desalination
Rommerskirchen, A., Gendel, Y., & Weßling, M. (2015) · Electrochemistry Communications · doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2015.07.018 · Cited by 154
Hybrid capacitive deionization with Ag coated carbon composite electrode
Yoon, H., Lee, J., Kim, S., & Yoon, J. (2017) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2017.08.010 · Cited by 154
Capacitive Membrane Stripping for Ammonia Recovery (CapAmm) from Dilute Wastewaters
Zhang, C., Ma, J., He, D., & Waite, T. D. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00534 · Cited by 148
Removal of hardness ions from tap water using electromembrane processes
Park, J.-S., Song, J., Yeon, K., & Moon, S. (2006) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2005.12.031 · Cited by 144
A novel potential-responsive ion exchange film system for heavy metal removal
Wang, Z., Feng, Y., Hao, X., Huang, W., & Feng, X. (2014) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c4ta00782d · Cited by 141
Trócoli, R., Erinmwingbovo, C., & La Mantia, F. (2017) · ChemElectroChem · doi:10.1002/celc.201600509 · Cited by 136
Park, H.-R., Choi, J., Yang, S., Kwak, S. J., Jeon, S.-I., Han, M. H., & Kim, D. K. (2016) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c6ra02480g · Cited by 134
Ammonium Removal from Domestic Wastewater Using Selective Battery Electrodes
Kim, T., Gorski, C. A., & Logan, B. E. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00334 · Cited by 134
Mossad, M., & Zou, L. Y. (2012) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.062 · Cited by 132
Deshmukh, A., Yip, N. Y., Lin, S., & Elimelech, M. (2015) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.080 · Cited by 132
Edwie, F., & Chung, T. (2012) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2012.07.001 · Cited by 130
Huang, Y., Chen, F., Guo, L., & Yang, H. Y. (2017) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c7ta03725b · Cited by 128
Su, X., Kulik, H. J., Jamison, T., & Hatton, T. A. (2016) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201600079 · Cited by 127
Kim, Y.-J., Kim, J., & Choi, J. (2012) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2012.11.064 · Cited by 126
Kim, C., Lee, J., Kim, S., & Yoon, J. (2013) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.07.016 · Cited by 125
New-concept Batteries Based on Aqueous Li+/Na+ Mixed-ion Electrolytes
Chen, L., Gu, Q., Zhou, X., Lee, S., Xia, Y., & Liu, Z. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep01946 · Cited by 124
Kim, S.-S., Lee, J., Kim, S., Kim, S., & Yoon, J. (2017) · Energy Technology · doi:10.1002/ente.201700488 · Cited by 124
Novel Composite Electrodes for Selective Removal of Sulfate by the Capacitive Deionization Process
Zuo, K., Kim, J., Jain, A., Wang, T., Verduzco, R., Long, M., & Li, Q. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b01868 · Cited by 124
Marchini, F., Rubi, D., del Pozo, M., Williams, F. J., & Calvo, E. J. (2016) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11722 · Cited by 123
Mechanical vapor compression desalination systems — A case study
Aly, N. H., & El-Figi, A. K. (2003) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(03)00444-2 · Cited by 122
Capacitive deionization with Ca-alginate coated-carbon electrode for hardness control
Yoon, H., Lee, J., Kim, S.-R., Kang, J., Kim, S., Kim, C., & Yoon, J. (2016) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.03.019 · Cited by 121
Capacitive Deionization using Biomass‐based Microporous Salt‐Templated Heteroatom‐Doped Carbons
Porada, S., Schipper, F., Aslan, M., Antonietti, M., Presser, V., & Fellinger, T. (2015) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201500166 · Cited by 120
Direct energy recovery system for membrane capacitive deionization
Kang, J., Kim, T., Shin, H., Lee, J., Ha, J.-I., & Yoon, J. (2016) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.07.025 · Cited by 120
Nickel Hexacyanoferrate as Suitable Alternative to Ag for Electrochemical Lithium Recovery
Trócoli, R., Battistel, A., & Mantia, F. L. (2015) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201500368 · Cited by 119
Electrochemical selective ion separation in capacitive deionization with sodium manganese oxide
Kim, S., Yoon, H., Shin, D., Lee, J., & Yoon, J. (2017) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.054 · Cited by 118
Kim, S., Kim, J., Kim, S., Lee, J., & Yoon, J. (2017) · Environmental Science Water Research & Technology · doi:10.1039/c7ew00454k · Cited by 117
An Electrochemical Cell for Selective Lithium Capture from Seawater
Kim, J., Lee, Y.-H., Choi, S., Shin, J., Dinh, H., & Choi, J. W. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00032 · Cited by 110
Electroconductive and electroresponsive membranes for water treatment
Ronen, A., Walker, S. L., & Jassby, D. (2016) · Reviews in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1515/revce-2015-0060 · Cited by 110
Leonard, K. C., Genthe, J. R., Sanfilippo, J. L., Zeltner, W. A., & Anderson, M. A. (2009) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.01.082 · Cited by 109
Relation between the Charge Efficiency of Activated Carbon Fiber and Its Desalination Performance
Huang, Z., Wang, M., Wang, L., & Kang, F. (2012) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la204690s · Cited by 107
Effect of Na+ on Li extraction from brine using LiFePO4/FePO4 electrodes
Liu, X., Chen, X., Zhao, Z., & Liang, X. (2014) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.03.010 · Cited by 106
Biodiesel purification using micro and ultrafiltration membranes
Alves, M. J., Nascimento, S. M., Pereira, I. G., Martins, M. I., Cardoso, V. L., & Reis, M. H. M. (2013) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.02.035 · Cited by 106
Choi, J.-M., Lee, H.-K., & Hong, S. (2016) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.09.016 · Cited by 105
Lee, J., Srimuk, P., Aristizábal, K., Kim, C., Choudhury, S., Nah, Y., Mücklich, F., & Presser, V. (2017) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201701215 · Cited by 105
Separation of liquids by thermal diffusion
Powers, J. E., & Wilke, C. R. (1957) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.690030216 · Cited by 103
A LiMn2O4-Polypyrrole System for the Extraction of LiCl from Natural Brine
Missoni, L. L., Marchini, F., del Pozo, M., & Calvo, E. J. (2016) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0591609jes · Cited by 103
Review on carbon-based electrode materials for application in capacitive deionization process
Thamilselvan, A., Nesaraj, A. S., & Noel, M. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-016-1061-9 · Cited by 103
Wang, C., Song, H., Zhang, Q., Wang, B., & Li, A. (2015) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2015.03.025 · Cited by 101
Yeo, J.-H., & Choi, J. (2013) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.04.013 · Cited by 101
Rich, A., Mandri, Y., Mangin, D., Rivoire, A., Abderafi, S., Bebon, C., Hassani, N. S. A., Klein, J., Bounahmidi, T., Bouhaouss, A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Crystal Growth · doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.03.061 · Cited by 99
NaCl adsorption in multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Dai, K., Shi, L., Fang, J., Zhang, D., & Yu, B. (2005) · Materials Letters · doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2005.01.042 · Cited by 98
Metal ion separations using electrically switched ion exchange
Lilga, M. A., Orth, R. J., Sukamto, J. P. H., Haight, S. M., & Schwartz, D. T. (1997) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/s1383-5866(97)00017-8 · Cited by 97
Theory of Water Desalination with Intercalation Materials
Singh, K., Bouwmeester, H. J. M., de Smet, L. C. P. M., Bazant, M. Z., & Biesheuvel, P. M. (2018) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.9.064036 · Cited by 97
Du, X. L., Zhang, H., Hao, X., Guan, G., & Abudula, A. (2014) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/am501926u · Cited by 96
A Simple Centrifugation Method for obtaining Small Samples of Soil Solution
Davies, B. E., & Davies, R. I. (1963) · Nature · doi:10.1038/198216a0 · Cited by 95
Kim, T., & Yoon, J. (2013) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.07.003 · Cited by 95
Huang, W., Zhang, Y., Bao, S., Cruz, R., & Song, S. (2014) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2014.02.012 · Cited by 94
(1963) · Advances in chemistry series · doi:10.1021/ba-1963-0038 · Cited by 94
Desalination using capacitive deionization at constant current
Jande, Y. A. C., & Kim, W. (2013) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.08.023 · Cited by 93
Zuthi, M. F. R., Guo, W., Ngo, H. H., Nghiem, L. D., & Hai, F. I. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.038 · Cited by 91
Yang, S. J., Kim, T., Lee, K., Kim, Y. S., Yoon, J., & Park, C. R. (2014) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.01.056 · Cited by 90
Kanoh, H., Ooi, K., Miyai, Y., & Katoh, S. (1991) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la00057a002 · Cited by 90
Broséus, R., Cigana, J. F., Barbeau, B., Daines-Martinez, C., & Suty, H. (2009) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2008.12.048 · Cited by 89
Capacitive Deionization using Biomass‐based Microporous Salt‐Templated Heteroatom‐Doped Carbons
Porada, S., Schipper, F., Aslan, M., Antonietti, M., Presser, V., & Fellinger, T. (2015) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201500696 · Cited by 89
Vane, L. M., & Alvarez, F. R. (2008) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.1941 · Cited by 81
Recovery of Lithium from Seawater Using a New Type of Ion-Sieve Adsorbent Based on MgMn2O4
Miyai, Y., Ooi, K., & Katoh, S. (1988) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01496398808057641 · Cited by 78
Huang, X., He, D., Tang, W., Kovalsky, P., & Waite, T. D. (2017) · Environmental Science Water Research & Technology · doi:10.1039/c7ew00138j · Cited by 78
Capacitive deionization for nutrient recovery from wastewater with disinfection capability
Ge, Z., Chen, X., Huang, X., & Ren, Z. J. (2017) · Environmental Science Water Research & Technology · doi:10.1039/c7ew00350a · Cited by 77
Kim, C., Lee, J., Srimuk, P., Aslan, M., & Presser, V. (2017) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201700967 · Cited by 76
Han, L., Karthikeyan, K. G., & Gregory, K. B. (2015) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0431512jes · Cited by 74
CO2 stripping from water through porous PVDF hollow fiber membrane contactor
Mansourizadeh, A., & Ismail, A. F. (2011) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.055 · Cited by 73
Revisited: The Conception of Lability of Metal Complexes
van Leeuwen, H. P. (2001) · Electroanalysis · doi:10.1002/1521-4109(200106)13:10 · Cited by 72
Problems, potentials and future of industrial crystallization
Ulrich, J. G., & Frohberg, P. (2013) · Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11705-013-1304-y · Cited by 71
Plate-Shaped Graphite for Improved Performance of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization
Yang, S., Park, H.-R., Yoo, J., Kim, H., Choi, J., Han, M. H., & Kim, D. K. (2017) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.1551713jes · Cited by 65
NaTi2(PO4)3-Ag electrodes based desalination battery and energy recovery
Chen, F., Huang, Y., Kong, D., Ding, M., Huang, S., & Yang, H. Y. (2018) · FlatChem · doi:10.1016/j.flatc.2018.02.001 · Cited by 65
Semi-continuous capacitive deionization using multi-channel flow stream and ion exchange membranes
Kim, C., Srimuk, P., Lee, J., Aslan, M., & Presser, V. (2017) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.012 · Cited by 64
Use of nanofiltration for partial softening of very hard water
Ghizellaoui, S., Chibani, A., & Ghizellaoui, S. (2005) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.077 · Cited by 63
Chen, J. P., & Wang, L. (2001) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1081/ss-100108352 · Cited by 63
Oyarzun, D. I., Hemmatifar, A., Palko, J. W., Stadermann, M., & Santiago, J. G. (2017) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.027 · Cited by 63
Capacitive deionization (CDI) for removal of phosphate from aqueous solution
Huang, G.-H., Chen, T.-C., Hsu, S.-F., Huang, Y.-H., & Chuang, S. (2013) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1080/19443994.2013.826331 · Cited by 58
Liu, Y., Ma, W., Cheng, Z., Xu, J., Wang, R., & Xin, G. (2013) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.07.022 · Cited by 57
Electric Double-Layer Effects Induce Separation of Aqueous Metal Ions
Ji, Q., An, X., Liu, H., Guo, L., & Qu, J. (2015) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b04027 · Cited by 57
Removal of orthophosphates from aqueous solutions with activated alumina
Neufeld, R. D., & Thodos, G. (1969) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es60030a007 · Cited by 54
Adsorption Desalination Quenches Global Thirst
Ng, K. C., Saha, B. B., Chakraborty, A., & Koyama, S. (2008) · Heat Transfer Engineering · doi:10.1080/01457630802125310 · Cited by 50
Wang, Z., Ma, Y., Hao, X., Huang, W., Guan, G., & Abudula, A. (2014) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.151 · Cited by 48
Jeerage, K. M., & Schwartz, D. T. (2000) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1081/ss-100102344 · Cited by 47
Souchon, I., Athès, V., Pierre, F., & Marin, M. (2004) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(04)90174-9 · Cited by 47
Divalent and trivalent ion exchange with zeolite A
Wiers, B. H., Grosse, R. J., & Cilley, W. A. (1982) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es00103a016 · Cited by 46
Su, X., Hübner, J., Kauke, M. J., Dalbosco, L., Thomas, J. C., Gonzalez, C. C., Zhu, E., Franzreb, M., Jamison, T. F., & Hatton, T. A. (2017) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01699 · Cited by 46
Hybrid Electrochemical Desalination System Combined with an Oxidation Process
Kim, S., Kim, C., Lee, J., Kim, S., Lee, J., Kim, J., & Yoon, J. (2017) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02789 · Cited by 44
Cost and environmental impact of nanofiltration in treating chemically pre-treated surface water
Liikanen, R., Yli-Kuivila, J., Tenhunen, J., & Laukkanen, R. (2006) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.520 · Cited by 43
Lithium dedicated adsorbent for the preparation of electrodes useful in the ion pumping method
Siekierka, A., Kujawa, J., Kujawski, W., & Bryjak, M. (2018) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.045 · Cited by 43
Kim, C., Srimuk, P., Lee, J., & Presser, V. (2018) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2018.05.016 · Cited by 43
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 214 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, second ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000.
- Stern, 1924, Zur theorie der elektrolytischen doppelschicht, Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische, Chemie, 30, 508
- Jun, 2017, Review on the composite electrode of graphene for capacitive deionization technology, Carbon Techniques, 1, 005
- P. Biesheuvel, M. Bazant, R. Cusick, T. Hatton, K. Hatzell, M. Hatzell, P. Liang, S. Lin, S. Porada, J. Santiago, Capacitive deionization-defining a class of desalination technologies, (2017) arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.05925. · arXiv
- H. Li, C. Nie, L. Pan, Z. Sun, A comparative study between membrane capacitive deionization and capacitive deionization from isotherms and kinetics, in: Proceedings of Shang-hai International Nanotechnology Cooperation Symposium, 2011, pp. 110–113.
- Dubal, 2015, Hybrid energy storage: the merging of battery and supercapacitor chemistries, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 1777, 10.1039/C4CS00266K · DOI
- Chen, 2018, NaTi2(PO4)3-Ag electrodes based desalination battery and energy recovery, FlatChem, 8, 9, 10.1016/j.flatc.2018.02.001 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion
Alkhadra, M. A., Su, X., Suss, M. E., Tian, H., Guyes, E. N., Shocron, A. N., Conforti, K. M., de Souza, J. P., Kim, N., Tedesco, M., et al. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396 · Cited by 707
Srimuk, P., Su, X., Yoon, J., Aurbach, D., & Presser, V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-020-0193-1 · Cited by 682
Direct lithium extraction: A new paradigm for lithium production and resource utilization
Farahbakhsh, J., Arshadi, F., Mofidi, Z., Mohseni-Dargah, M., Kök, C., Assefi, M., Soozanipour, A., Zargar, M., Asadnia, M., Boroumand, Y., et al. (2024) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2023.117249 · Cited by 260
A review on lithium recovery using electrochemical capturing systems
Zavahir, S., Elmakki, T., Gulied, M., Ahmad, Z., Al-Sulaiti, L., Shon, H. K., Chen, Y., Park, H., Batchelor, B., & Han, D. S. (2021) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114883 · Cited by 220
Electrochemical lithium extraction from aqueous sources
Xiong, Y., Zhou, J., Lu, P., Yin, J., Wang, Y., & Fan, Z. (2022) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2022.04.034 · Cited by 175
“16,17 Through such a strategy, Cui and co-workers have applied modified electrochemical operations to achieve high-performance Li and uranium (U) extraction from seawater, proving it is feasible and efficient in sustainable Li extraction from aqueous sources.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Yoon, H., Lee, J., Kim, S., & Yoon, J.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Yoon, Jeyong
- Venue
- Separation and Purification Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 215
- Pages
- 190-207
- ISSN
- 1383-5866 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2907239592
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2019-08-15)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Separation and Purification Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Ministry of Education (2016R1D1A1A02937469)
- Technology Innovation Program (10082572)
- Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Freezing and Crystallization Processes
- Keywords
- desalination, resource recovery, impurity removal, energy-efficient separation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review