Detection of ventilatory thresholds using near-infrared spectroscopy with a polynomial regression model
Open accessAbstract
Whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a convenient and accurate method of determining first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) using raw data remains unknown. This study investigated the reliability and validity of VT1 and VT2 determined by NIRS skeletal muscle hemodynamic raw data via a polynomial regression model. A total of 100 male students were recruited and performed maximal cycling exercises while their cardiopulmonary and NIRS muscle hemodynamic data were measured. The criterion validity of VT1VET and VT2VET were determined using a traditional V-slope and ventilatory efficiency. Statistical significance was set at α = . 05. There was high reproducibility of VT1NIRS and VT2NIRS determined by a NIRS polynomial regression model during exercise (VT1NIRS, r = 0.94; VT2NIRS, r = 0.93). There were high correlations of VT1VET vs VT1NIRS (r = 0.93, p < .05) and VT2VET vs VT2NIRS (r = 0.94, p < .05). The oxygen consumption (VO2) between VT1VET and VT1NIRS or VT2VET and VT2NIRS was not significantly different. NIRS raw data are reliable and valid for determining VT1 and VT2 in healthy males using a polynomial regression model. Skeletal muscle raw oxygenation and deoxygenation status reflects more realistic causes and timing of VT1 and VT2.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The ICC values for MOT1 vs VT1/LT1 in cycling are in line with other studies using non-portable NIRS in cycling.
“These results are in line with other studies that determined thresholds with non-portable NIRS in cycling50.”
From Reliability of threshold determination using portable muscle oxygenation monitors during exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
The Discussion and Conclusions report NIRS-derived ventilatory thresholds during cycling, and the paper finds a strong association between its NIRS and ventilatory VT1 measures. However, it reports Pearson correlations rather than ICC values, and the Methods identify the NIRS system without stating whether it was non-portable. The cited paper therefore supports the general comparison, but not those specific details. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMuscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) has been proposed as a surrogate for ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) or lactate thresholds (LT1, LT2) in various endurance sports.
“Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) has been proposed as a surrogate for ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) (Lin et al., 2020; Reinpõld et al., 2024; Rodrigo‐Carranza et al., 2021) or lactate thresholds (LT1, LT2) (Farzam et al., 2018; Feldmann et al., 2022; Fleitas‐Paniagua et al., 2024; Raleigh et al., 2018; Salas‐Montoro et al., 2022) in various endurance sports, including cycling, running and rowi”
From Agreement between muscle saturation breakpoints and lactate thresholds: Muscles comparison and sex difference in world‐class Nordic skiers (2026) · cites this paper as Lin et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT
Martin Bland, J., & Altman, D. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8 · Cited by 47,965 · see citing works
A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange
Beaver, W. L., Wasserman, K., & Whipp, B. J. (1986) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.2020 · Cited by 4,103 · see citing works
Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes
Saltin, B., & Astrand, P. O. (1967) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.23.3.353 · Cited by 798 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is considered the gold standard for evaluating cardiorespiratory function (Mitchell et al., 1958; Saltin and Astrand, 1967).”
BackgroundTHE PHYSIOLOGICAL MEANING OF THE MAXIMAL OXYGEN INTAKE TEST1
Mitchell, J. H., Sproule, B. J., & Chapman, C. B. (1958) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci103636 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners
Conconi, F., Ferrari, M., Ziglio, P. G., Droghetti, P., & Codecà, L. (1982) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1982.52.4.869 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Monitoring tissue oxygen availability with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in health and disease
Boushel, R., Langberg, H., Olesen, J., Gonzales‐Alonzo, J., Bülow, J., & Kjær, M. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.110404.x · Cited by 469 · see citing works
DeLorey, D. S., Kowalchuk, J. M., & Paterson, D. H. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00956.2002 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Hamaoka, T., McCully, K. K., Quaresima, V., Yamamoto, K., & Chance, B. (2007) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.2805437 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex oxygenation and neuromuscular responses to exhaustive exercise
Rupp, T., & Perrey, S. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0568-7 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Blood lactate accumulation and muscle deoxygenation during incremental exercise
Grassi, B., Quaresima, V., Marconi, C., Ferrari, M., & Cerretelli, P. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.1.348 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
MYERS, J. N., & Ashley, E. A. (1997) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.111.3.787 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Respiratory physiology of exercise: metabolism, gas exchange, and ventilatory control.
Wasserman, K., Whipp, B. J., & Davis, J. A. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Cottin, F., Médigue, C., Lopes, P., Leprêtre, P., Heubert, R., & Billat, V. L. (2007) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2006-924355 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Ferreira, L. F., Hueber, D. M., & Barstow, T. J. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00920.2005 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Detection of ventilatory threshold using near infrared spectroscopy in men and women
BHAMBHANI, Y. N., BUCKLEY, S. M., & SUSAKI, T. (1997) · Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199703000-00017 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
van der Zwaard, S., Jaspers, R. T., Blokland, I. J., Achterberg, C., Visser, J. M., den Uil, A. R., Hofmijster, M. J., Levels, K., Noordhof, D. A., de Haan, A., et al. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162914 · Cited by 80 · cited 6× · see citing works
“…+ Mb] and total hemoglobin [Hb + Mb]) (Boone et al., 2015), muscle oxygenation (O2Hb) (Legrand et al., 2007; Racinais et al., 2014), the difference between muscle oxygenation and deoxygenation (D[O2HbMb-HHbMb]) (van der Zwaard et al., 2016), and respiratory muscle oxygenation (Moalla et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRacinais, S., Buchheit, M., & Girard, O. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00142 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Related trends in locomotor and respiratory muscle oxygenation during exercise.
Legrand, R., Marles, A., Prieur, F., Lazzari, S., Blondel, N., & Mucci, P. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000241638.90348.67 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Hiroyuki, H., Hamaoka, T., Sako, T., Nishio, S., Kime, R., Murakami, M., & Katsumura, T. (2002) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0644-y · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Wang, J., Wu, M., Mao, T., Fu, T., & Hsu, C. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00138.2010 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationA simplified strategy for the estimation of the exercise ventilatory thresholds
Neder, J. A., & Stein, R. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000218141.90442.6c · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mao, T., Fu, L., & Wang, J. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00096.2011 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationWhich common NIRS variable reflects muscle estimated lactate threshold most closely?
Wang, L., Yoshikawa, T., Hara, T., Nakao, H., Suzuki, T., & Fujimoto, S. (2006) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h06-069 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Familial resemblance in ventilatory threshold: the HERITAGE Family Study
Gaskill, S. E., Rice, T., Bouchard, C., Gagnon, J., Rao, D. C., Skinner, J. S., Wilmore, J. H., & Leon, A. S. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200111000-00006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Boone, J., Barstow, T. J., Celie, B., Prieur, F., & Bourgois, J. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2991-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Terakado, S., Takeuchi, T., Miura, T., Sato, H., Nishioka, N., Fujieda, Y., Kobayashi, R., & Ibukiyama, C. (1999) · Japanese Circulation Journal-english Edition · doi:10.1253/jcj.63.97 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Electromyographic Response to Exercise in Cardiac Transplant Patients
Lucı́a, A., Vaquero, A. F., Pérez, M., Sánchez, O., Chicharro, J. L., Sánchez, V., & Gómez‐Bravo, M. Á. (1997) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.111.6.1571 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Moalla, W., Dupont, G., Berthoin, S., & Ahmaı̈di, S. (2005) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2004-830332 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Miura, T., Takeuchi, T., Sato, H., Nishioka, N., Terakado, S., Fujieda, Y., & Ibukiyama, C. (1998) · Japanese Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/jcj.62.649 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Soller, B. R., Yang, Y., Lee, S. M. C., Wilson, C. A., & Hagan, R. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00849.2007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Omiya, K., Itoh, H., Harada, N., Maeda, T., Tajima, A., Oikawa, K., Koike, A., Aizawa, T., Fu, L.-T., & Osada, N. (2004) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0959-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationTamai, M., KUBOTA, M., Ikeda, M., Nagao, K., Irikura, N., Sugiyama, M., Yoshikawa, H., Kawamori, R., & Kamada, T. (1993) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/bf00996949 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wang, B., Tian, Q., Zhang, Z., & Gong, H. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2007-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lee, S. M. C., Clarke, M. S. F., O’Connor, D. P., Stroud, L., Ellerby, G. E. C., & Soller, B. R. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1797-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Karatzanos, E., Paradisis, G. P., Zacharogiannis, E. G., Tziortzis, S., & Nanas, S. (2009) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2009.02.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 36 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bamisile, O., Oluwasanmi, A., Ejiyi, C. J., Yimen, N., Obiora, S. C., & Huang, Q. P. (2021) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.6529 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sendra-Pérez, C., Sanchez-Jimenez, J. L., Marzano-Felisatti, J. M., Encarnación-Martínez, A., Salvador-Palmer, R., & Priego-Quesada, J. I. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39651-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wekalao, J. (2025) · Plasmonics · doi:10.1007/s11468-025-02843-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wekalao, J., Mehaney, A., Al‐Rawi, M. B. A., Elhendi, A. Z., Abukhadra, M. R., Rajakannu, A., & Elsayed, H. A. (2025) · Plasmonics · doi:10.1007/s11468-025-02981-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Determination of Second Lactate Threshold Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Elite Cyclists
Salas-Montoro, J.-A., Mateo-March, M., Sánchez-Muñoz, C., & Zabala, M. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1738-0252 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vasquez Bonilla, A., González-Custodio, A., Timón, R., Cardenosa, A., Camacho-Cardenosa, M., & Olcina, G. (2023) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2023.114288 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Determination of the athletes' anaerobic threshold using machine learning methods
Евгеньевич, Ч. А., Egorov, N., Medvedev, D., Chikova, S., Pavlov, E., DROBINTSEV, P. D., Krasichkov, A. S., & Kaplun, D. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103414 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Osmani, F., Lago-Fuentes, C., Alemany-Iturriaga, J., & Barcala-Furelos, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1155037 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Some studies had good results to determine ventilatory thresholds during graded exercise test with a bicycle ergometer; these results could differ with this study due to the different type of exercise and a different maximal incremental test, because in our study it has a 30 s stop between steps, which could change th…”
ResultArnet, J., Knaier, R., Schoch, R., D’Hulst, G., Bruggisser, F., Feldmann, A., Leuenberger, R., Westerhuis, E., Infanger, D., Schmidt‐Trucksäss, A., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2024-0265 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Iskra, S., & Paravlic, A. H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14920-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Raman spectral unmixing via multimodal time-frequency transformations and deep learning
Shang, L., Ding, C., Ji, X., Zhu, J., Wu, J., Xiong, S., Wang, H., & Yin, J. (2025) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.555722 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of Vibration Resistance Exercises on EMG and Skeletal Muscle Hemodynamics
Mao, T., Chen, H., Lee, S.-S., Lee, M.-Y., & Huang, C. (2022) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.46.3.6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterization of muscle oxygenation response in well-trained handcyclists
Puglia, V. F., Paquette, M., & Bergdahl, A. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05524-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Forot, J., Schorderet, F., Burdet, C., Brocherie, F., & Millet, G. P. (2026) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep093311 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Compared to different physiological thresholds, these BPs provide moderate-to-strong correlations for VT1 ( r = 0.58–0.63, P 0.001) (van der Zwaard et al., 2016), LT2 ( r = 0.955, P 0.001), (Salas-Montoro et al., 2022), VT2 ( r = 0.69, P 0.05) (Rodrigo-Carranza et al., 2021), and both VT1 and VT2 (Feldmann et al., 202…”
InfluentialNascimento, E. M. F., Borszcz, F. K., Ventura, T. P., Antunes, D., Guglielmo, L. G. A., & de Lucas, R. D. (2026) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2026.2645354 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Changes in aerobic capacity to prepubertal children in sports 12-month training period
Pužas, K., Stasiulė, L., & Stasiulis, A. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2514074 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Detection of the Anaerobic Threshold from Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Data with EO-Attention-LSTM
Guo, X., Lun, Z., & Chu, Q. (2023) · Chinese Control Conference (CCC) · doi:10.23919/ccc58697.2023.10241135
Евгеньевич, Ч. А., Kutsalo, А. L., Kiselev, A., Vladimirov, V. V., Krylova, M., Медведев, Д. С., Каплун, Д., & Shpakovskaya, I. I. (2023) · Medicine of Extreme Situations · doi:10.47183/mes.2023.037
Muscle Oxygenation Threshold in More and Less Active Muscles and 3,000-m Running Pace
Cirino, C., Breda, F. L., Polisel, E. E. C., Lourenço, T. F., Papoti, M., Gobatto, C. A., & Manchado-Gobatto, F. D. B. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2611-3388
Machine Learning-Enhanced High Density Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Exercise Intensity Evaluation
Jinchen, L., Jones, S. H., Jamieson, A., Chen, J., Alghamdi, L., Ella, C., Nazarpour, K., Cooper, R. J., & Zhao, H. (2025) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner61569.2025.11588963
- Authors
- Lin, C.-W., Huang, C.-F., Wang, J.-S., Fu, L.-L., & Mao, T.-Y.
- Affiliations
- Chaoyang University of Technology (TW)
- National Yang Ming University Hospital (TW)
- Chang Gung University (TW)
- National Taiwan Sport University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Mao, Tso-Yen
- Venue
- Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1637-1642
- ISSN
- 1319-562X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7254025
- OpenAlex
- W3011232768
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Chang Gung University (EMRPD1A0841)
- Chang Gung Medical Foundation (MRPD2C0161, CMRPD1A0132)
- Healthy Aging Research Center
- National Science Council (NSC 100-2314-B-182-004-MY3)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- ventilatory threshold, near-infrared spectroscopy, polynomial regression, skeletal muscle oxygenation, muscle deoxygenation, ventilatory efficiency, criterion validity, reproducibility, cycling exercise, oxygen consumption, exercise physiology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
