The DOI matches its Crossref record; 113 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The effect of non-pharmacological sleep interventions on depression symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
Poor sleep is a significant risk factor for depression across the lifespan and sleep problems have been hypothesised to contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression symptoms. However, sleep problems are usually not a direct target of interventions for depression. A range of non-pharmacological treatments can reduce sleep problems but it is unclear whether these interventions also reduce other depression symptoms. The aim of this review was to examine whether non-pharmacological interventions for sleep problems are effective in reducing symptoms of depression. We carried out a systematic search for randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological sleep interventions that measured depression symptoms as an outcome. Forty-nine trials (n = 5908) were included in a random effects meta-analysis. The pooled standardised mean difference for depression symptoms after treatment for sleep problems was -0.45 (95% CI: -0.55,-0.36). The size of the effect on depression symptoms was moderated by the size of the effect on subjective sleep quality. In studies of participants with mental health problems, sleep interventions had a large effect on depression symptoms (d = -0.81, 95% CI: -1.13,-0.49). The findings indicate that non-pharmacological sleep interventions are effective in reducing the severity of depression, particularly in clinical populations. This suggests that non-pharmacological sleep interventions could be offered as a treatment for depression, potentially improving access to treatment.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This meta-analysis of 49 randomised controlled trials (n=5908) found that non-pharmacological sleep interventions reduce depression symptoms, with a small-to-moderate pooled effect. The effect was larger in participants with mental health problems and was moderated by improvement in subjective sleep quality.
Key findings
- Non-pharmacological sleep interventions reduced depression symptoms versus controls not designed to improve sleep: pooled standardised mean difference = -0.45 (95% CI -0.55, -0.36, p<0.001, k=49), with moderate heterogeneity (I²=56%).
- In 7 studies recruiting participants with clinical mental health problems, the effect on depression symptoms was large: SMD = -0.81 (95% CI -1.13, -0.49, p<0.001), with small heterogeneity (I²=27%).
- The effect on depression symptoms was significantly moderated by the effect on subjective sleep quality: β=0.447 (95% CI 0.29, 0.60, p<0.001); residual variation was non-significant (χ²=41.89, p=0.306).
- Publication bias assessment suggested possible slight inflation in some smaller studies, but Rosenthal’s failsafe N was 3593.46.
Methods
- Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis conducted per PRISMA, registered with PROSPERO; searched PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, and CENTRAL from inception to 1 May 2018, plus hand-searching.
- Included randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions specifically designed to improve sleep (amount, quality, or timing), with a control condition not designed to improve sleep and depression symptoms measured by a validated instrument.
- Data from 49 articles were meta-analysed; planned subgroup analyses examined mental health comorbidity and age group, a post-hoc subgroup examined depression measure, and random-effects meta-regression tested subjective sleep quality as a moderator.
Limitations
- The paper states that depression measures typically include sleep items, and lack of item-level data meant it could not isolate effects on non-sleep depression symptoms; many studies excluded people with elevated depression or major depression history, possibly reducing the pooled effect; it could not assess whether participants received depression treatment or mood management; nine eligible trials could not be included due to insufficient depression outcome data; and it only assessed outcomes immediately post-intervention.
- The paper also notes that few studies could blind participants and research personnel, and most papers had insufficient information to determine risk of bias from allocation concealment or selective reporting.
- Evident from the text: heterogeneity was moderate overall and in several subgroups, and the review was restricted to trials that measured depression symptoms as an outcome, which may limit generalisability.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
32 Own result · 16 Not checked yet · 14 Own method · 13 Own interpretation · 6 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The residual variation was non-significant (χ 2 =41.89, p=0.306) suggesting the statistical heterogeneity in the size of the effect of the studied sleep interventions on depression symptoms can be explained by variation in their effect on subjective sleep quality.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Effect on subjective sleep quality
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The size of the effect on depression symptoms was moderated by the size of the effect on subjective sleep quality.”
- Also stated in: § Effect on subjective sleep quality · plain
“The meta-regression revealed that the size of the effect on subjective sleep quality was a significant continuous moderator of the effect on depression symptoms (β=0.447,95% CI 0.29, 0.60, p<0.001).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Effect on subjective sleep quality · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled standardised mean difference for depression symptoms after treatment for sleep problems was -0.45 (95% CI: -0.55,-0.36).”
- Also stated in: § RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS · plain
“mean difference = -0.45,95% CI -0.55, -0.36, p<0.001, k=49).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 5,908- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was smallest in trials that used the BDI-II (-0.12, 95% CIs -0.36, 0.13, p=0.34).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Depression measure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In studies of participants with mental health problems, sleep interventions had a large effect on depression symptoms (d=-0.81,95% CI: -1.13,-0.49).”
- Also stated in: § Comorbid mental health difficulties · plain
“The subgroup analyses showed that the pooled effect on depression symptoms for these seven studies was large (standardised mean difference = -0.81,95% CI -1.13, -0.49, p<0.001, k=7)”
- Also stated in: § RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS · plain
“For participants with mental health problems, sleep interventions had a large effect on symptoms of depression.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Comorbid mental health difficulties · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The standardised mean difference was largest for trials that measured depression using the PHQ-9 (-0.70, 95% CI -1.00, -0.41, p<0.001), followed by the BDI (-0.56, 95% CI -0.76, -0.36, p<0.001), the CESD (-0.45 95% CIs -0.67, -0.24, p<0.001), and the HADS (-0.34, 95% CIs -0.57, -0.11, p=0.003).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Depression measure
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparison, the subgroup of studies that recruited participants without clinical mental health difficulties (k=42) found a small effect on depression symptoms (standardised mean difference = -0.41,95% CI -0.51, -0.31, p<0.001) and these effect sizes were more heterogeneous (I 2 =56%, χ 2 =93.45, df=41, p<0.001).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Comorbid mental health difficulties
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a positive linear relationship between the standardised mean difference of the sleep interventions on depression symptoms and the standardised mean difference for subjective sleep quality.”
- Also stated in: § RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS · boosted
“There was a strong association between the change in subjective sleep quality brought about by an intervention and its effect on depression symptoms.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Effect on subjective sleep quality
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statistical heterogeneity in effect sizes among studies was moderate (I 2 =56%, χ 2 =108.8,df=48, p<0.001).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The standardised mean difference was largest for trials that measured depression using the PHQ-9 (-0.70, 95% CI -1.00, -0.41, p<0.001), followed by the BDI (-0.56, 95% CI -0.76, -0.36, p<0.001), the CESD (-0.45 95% CIs -0.67, -0.24, p<0.001), and the HADS (-0.34, 95% CIs -0.57, -0.11, p=0.003).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Depression measure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rosenthal's failsafe N was 3593.46,indicating that 3593 studies with zero effect sizes would be needed to nullify the pooled effect.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Publication bias
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three studies that recruited adults over the age of 50 had the largest pooled effect size but wide confidence intervals (standardised mean difference = -0.60,95% CI -1.12, -0.08, p=0.02, k=3) and moderate heterogeneity (I 2 =47%, χ 2 =3.76, df=2, p=0.15).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Adolescents, adults and older adults
plainn = 3 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled effect on depression symptoms for the studies with adult participants was small to moderate (standardised mean difference = -0.46,95% CI -0.57, -0.36, p<0.001, k=42) with moderate heterogeneity (I 2 =59%, χ 2 =100.75, df=41, p<0.001).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Adolescents, adults and older adults
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The four trials in adolescents had the smallest pooled effect on depression symptoms (standardised mean difference = -0.27,95% CI -0.50, -0.04, p=0.02, k=4), with no statistical heterogeneity (I 2 =0%, χ 2 =1.99, df=3, p=0.57).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Adolescents, adults and older adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspection of the funnel plot (Figure 4) suggestsed that effect sizes might be slightly inflated in some smaller studies, with one small study a notable outlier.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Publication bias
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Control conditions included active interventions not specifically targeting sleep (e.g.dietary advice, exercise programmes), and passive controls, such as medical treatment as usual and waitlist.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The included trials were all of psychological interventions.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Control conditions included active interventions not specifically targeting sleep (e.g.dietary advice, exercise programmes), and passive controls, such as medical treatment as usual and waitlist.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining trials were of face-to-face interventions, 27 delivered individually and five delivered in a group format.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants were adults; only four studies included young people aged under 18 (n=292) and none included children under 11 years.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plainn = 5,908- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining trials were of face-to-face interventions, 27 delivered individually and five delivered in a group format.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining trials were of face-to-face interventions, 27 delivered individually and five delivered in a group format.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis included data on 5908 participants, of whom 2731 were randomised to receive the trial sleep intervention.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plainn = 5,908- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect on depression symptoms appears to be larger in adult than in children and adolescents but this may be an artefact of the participants who were recruited.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Additional information
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants were adults; only four studies included young people aged under 18 (n=292) and none included children under 11 years.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority (39 out of 48 studies) were described by the study authors as CBT-I cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or CBT-informed interventions.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants were adults; only four studies included young people aged under 18 (n=292) and none included children under 11 years.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixteen studies trialled interventions delivered in a self-help format, online or via a mobile application.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings indicate that non-pharmacological sleep interventions are effective in reducing the severity of depression, particularly in clinical populations.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The meta-analysis showed that nonpharmacological sleep interventions reduce the severity of depression symptoms immediately post-intervention”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Non-pharmacological interventions designed to improve sleep have a positive impact on depression symptoms.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 5,908- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis showed that nonpharmacological sleep interventions reduce the severity of depression symptoms immediately post-intervention, and this finding was robust to the possibility of publication bias.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A range of nonpharmacological psychological interventions have been found to be effective treatments for insomnia, including stimulus control therapy, relaxation training, sleep restriction therapy, biofeedback, paradoxical intention and multicomponent cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) [35].”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 6
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Morgenthaler, 2006, Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An american academy of sleep medicine report, Sleep source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The titles and abstracts of all retrieved articles were screened by one reviewer (BG).A subsample of 10% of articles (selected using a random number generator) was screened independently by a second reviewer (AJ) to check that no potentially eligible articles were excluded.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Study selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The authors of a recent review of CBT-I for insomnia in adults with co-morbid major depressive disorder [39] suggest that improvement in depression following CBT-I for insomnia may be mediated by improvement in insomnia symptoms.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > A C C E P T E D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Cunningham, 2018, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) to treat depression: a systematic review, J Psychosom Res source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, we focused on outcomes immediately postintervention so are unable to comment on the longevity of the effects on depression observed.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, sleep problems are usually not a direct target of interventions for depression.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The full texts of all articles deemed potentially relevant were obtained and assessed for eligibility against the inclusion/exclusion criteria by two reviewers independently (BG and one of FO, EC, AJ, TC or SR).”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Study selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The size of the effect on depression is moderated by the effect on subjective sleep quality and is largest for participants experiencing sleep problems in the context of mental health difficulties.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were also unable to assess whether participants in the included trials were offered treatment for depression or provided with mood management techniques before or after their participation in the sleep interventions trialled as this was not consistently reported.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The review was conducted in accordance with guidance in the 'preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses' (PRISMA) statement [44].”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Search strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, PLoS Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The results of previous meta-analyses suggest that both internet-delivered [36] and group-based [37] CBT-I have small but significant effects on depression symptoms, despite these symptoms not being specifically targeted.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 6
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Ye, 2015, Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (ICBT-i) improves comorbid anxiety and depression—a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, PLoS One source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Koffel, 2015, A meta-analysis of group cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, Sleep Med Rev source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The methodological quality of included studies was assessed by one reviewer (AJ) using the Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias tool [45].For a random subsample of 10% of included studies, the risk of bias assessment was independently verified by a second reviewer (BG) and discrepancies resolved through discussion.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Data extraction and quality assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Higgins, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data were extracted independently by two reviewers (BG and EC) and cross-checked to ensure accuracy.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Data extraction and quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while we cannot be certain what effect this had on the pooled effect size, it is possible that relatively low levels of depression before treatment for sleep problems reduced the overall effect of treatment on depression symptoms.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, a recent network meta-analysis of behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions for adults with insomnia [38] found that only individual, face-to-face CBT-I had a significant effect on depression symptoms when compared to a placebo condition.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > RUNNING HEAD: EFFECT OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL SLEEP INTERVENTIONS ON DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS 6
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Ballesio, 2018, The effectiveness of behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies for insomnia on depressive and fatigue symptoms: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, Sleep Med Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The measures of depression used in the studies had sound psychometric properties, and where young people under 18 were included, had been validated for use with adolescents.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Risk of bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, there are also a range of non-specific factors that might account for the effect of sleep-interventions on depression, for instance increased motivation or hope as a result of developing a therapeutic relationship or participation in a therapeutic process [43].”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > A C C E P T E D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Mulder, 2017, Common versus specific factors in psychotherapy: opening the black box, Lancet Psychiatr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The protocol was registered with the PROSPERO registry prior to implementation of the search strategy and can be accessed at: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42017054940.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Offering nonpharmacological sleep interventions to users of mental health services who are experiencing concomitant mood and sleep problems may lead to significant improvements in depression symptoms as well as sleep quality.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Users of mental health services who are experiencing concomitant mood and sleep problems are similar to the participants in the included trials.
The paper relies on this without support.
Users of mental health services who are experiencing concomitant mood and sleep problems are similar to the participants in the included trials.
“Offering nonpharmacological sleep interventions to users of mental health services who are experiencing concomitant mood and sleep problems may lead to significant improvements in depression symptoms as well as sleep quality.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent reviews suggest that treating insomnia in those with both depression and insomnia may lead to better long-term clinical outcomes (Bei et al ., 2018; Gee et al ., 2019).”
From ACT-i, an insomnia intervention for autistic adults: A pilot study (2023) · cites this paper as Gee et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In a pooled analysis of seven RCTs across a mixed psychiatric sample with anxiety, depression or PTSD, non-pharmacological sleep interventions - predominantly based on cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) - produced a large and significant reduction in depressive symptoms in comparison to control conditions (NIH=6, SMD=0.81, 95% CI: 0.49-1.13, I 2 =27%) 79 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [79]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Of note, whereas many trials have shown the alleviation of subclinical depressive symptoms following sleep interventions, the available evidence suggests that even larger effects of sleep therapies on depression are observed in those with mental illness 79-81,94 .”
From A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Focusing on comorbid depression and insomnia in their meta-analysis, Gee et al. concluded that non-pharmacological treatment for insomnia is effective not only for the reduction of insomnia, but has moderate to large effects on depression especially in clinical populations [18].”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with mental disorders and comorbid insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Our results are also well in line with the finding by Gee et al. [18] that CBT-I has the potential to exert effects beyond insomnia and improve depression.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with mental disorders and comorbid insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D
“The majority (39 out of 48 studies) were described by the study authors as CBT-I cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or CBT-informed interventions.”
§ The Effect of Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions on Depression Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials > Characteristics of included studies
“Characteristics of the 49 trials included in the meta-analysis are summarised in Table 1”
Citations
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Do non-pharmacological sleep interventions affect anxiety symptoms? A meta-analysis
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“…I on anxiety, stress and worry (Belleville et al., 2011), (2) the impact of CBT- I delivered in a self- help format on anxiety symptoms (Benz et al., 2020; Ho et al., 2015; van Straten & Cuijpers, 2009) and (3) the impact of non- pharmacological sleep interventions on depression (Gee et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationRichardson, C. E., & Gradisar, M. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13452 · Cited by 35
“Small effects are consistent with the empirical literature, whereby effects are smaller amongst young people, and in non- clinical samples (half of the sample did not self- report doctor- diagnosed depression) (Gee et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResultNg, S., Yin, M. X. C., Chan, J. S. M., Chan, C., Fong, T. C. T., Li, A., So, K., Yuen, L.-P., Chen, J., Chung, K., et al. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.022 · Cited by 36
Huang, I., Short, M. A., Bartel, K., O’Shea, A. E., Hiller, R. M., Lovato, N., Micic, G., Oliver, M., & Gradisar, M. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.09.008 · Cited by 36
Szulczewski, M. T. (2021) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.13458 · Cited by 33
Du, Y. J., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Dou, Y., Yan, Y., Fan, H., Fan, N., Yang, X., & Ma, X. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20093-9 · Cited by 34
“Notably, various trials have demonstrated the positive impact of sleep interventions on both subclinical depressive symptoms and individuals with mental illness [55–57].”
BackgroundReynolds, S. A., Orchard, F., Midgley, N., Kelvin, R. G., & Goodyer, I. M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.029 · Cited by 32
Self-citationSaksvik, S. B., Karaliute, M., Kallestad, H., Follestad, T., Asarnow, R. F., Vik, A., Haberg, A. K., Skandsen, T., & Olsen, A. (2020) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6898 · Cited by 30
de Feijter, M., Kocevska, D., Ikram, M. A., & Luik, A. I. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172100297x · Cited by 30
“Instead, a causal link is suggested by clinical trials showing that psychological treatment of insomnia reduces depressive symptoms (Gee et al., 2018) and conversely that psychological treatment of depressive symptoms improves sleep and insomnia (Yon et al.”
BackgroundChen, S., Ford, T. J., Jones, P. B., & Cardinal, R. N. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100368 · Cited by 36
Knox, J., Morgan, P. J., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Wilson, J. W., Wallis, K., Mallise, C. A., Barclay, B., & Young, M. D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04017-7 · Cited by 38
“Multiple reviews have indicated that physical activity is an effective strategy for treating depression (Cooney et al., 2013; Josefsson et al., 2014; Schuch et al., 2016), and the evidence for interventions based on improving diet and sleep is growing (Firth et al., 2019; Gee et al., 2019).”
BackgroundOllier, J., Neff, S., Dworschak, C., Sejdiji, A., Santhanam, P., Keller, R., Xiao, G., Asisof, A., Rüegger, D., Bérubé, C., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.625640 · Cited by 28
“The sleep module therefore employs multicomponent cognitive behavioral therapy as recommended by the Standards of Practice Committee (SPC) of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) (99) as an effective, non-pharmacological intervention to improve sleep hygiene (100, 101).”
BackgroundMethodFornaro, M., Caiazza, C., Simone, G. D., Rossano, F., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.033 · Cited by 28
Richardson, K. E., Petukhova, R., Hughes, S. D., Pitt, J., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17683-y · Cited by 29
“Clinical trials have shown that interventions targeting sleep can reduce depression severity [19–21], while the field of nutritional psychiatry [22] has provided early evidence that interventions targeting diet quality can also reduce depressive symptoms [23].”
BackgroundAlikhani, M., Ebrahimi, A., Farnia, V., Khazaie, H., Radmehr, F., Mohamadi, E., Davarinejad, O., Dürsteler, K. M., Bahmani, D. S., & Brand, S. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.043 · Cited by 27
Maddison, K. J., Kosky, C. A., & Walsh, J. H. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s340949 · Cited by 27
“It is important that sleep outcomes, assessed using valid and quantitative tools, continue to be measured in these populations as sleep disorders or poor sleep often co-occur with many physical and mental health conditions and may exacerbate the condition or negatively impact recovery.(77,78)”
BackgroundPei, C., Fan, C., Luo, H., Bai, A., Ni, S., Luo, M., Huang, J., Zhou, Y., & Huo, L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.095 · Cited by 26
Smout, S., Champion, K. E., O’Dean, S., Teesson, M., Gardner, L. A., & Newton, N. C. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00246-w · Cited by 29
“…such studies are promising, including a reduction of depressive symptoms in adolescents (and adults) who received non-pharmacological sleep interventions 23 , and improvements in general mental health and major depressive disorder among adolescents who received physical activity interventions 22 .”
Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Montero, C. G., Pekarek, L., Guijarro, L. G., Lahera, G., Sáez, M. A., Monserrat, J., Motogo, D., Quintero, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.956923 · Cited by 29
The influence of sexual activity on sleep: A diary study
Oesterling, C., Borg, C., Juhola, E., & Lancel, M. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13814 · Cited by 26
“…risk factor for the development of diverse mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (Hertenstein et al., 2019), and may aggravate psychopathology and impede recovery (e.g., Belleville et al., 2011; Gee et al., 2019; Ho et al., 2016; Scott et al., 2021).”
BackgroundPoor sleep quality, vitamin D deficiency and depression in the stroke population: A cohort study
He, W., & Ruan, Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.031 · Cited by 25
Two Different Mismatches: Integrating the Developmental and the Evolutionary-Mismatch Hypothesis
Hoogland, M., & Ploeger, A. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221078318 · Cited by 26
Kodsi, A., Bullock, B., Kennedy, G. A., & Tirlea, L. (2022) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.1876062 · Cited by 23
“These findings are compatible with previous meta-analyses showing the significant therapeutic effect of CBT-I on anxiety and depressive symptoms (Ballesio et al., 2018; Belleville et al., 2011; Blake et al., 2017; Gebara et al., 2018; Gee et al., 2019; Taylor & Pruiksma, 2014).”
ResultPrzybylko, G., Morton, D. P., Morton, J. K., Renfrew, M. E., & Hinze, J. S. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1897868 · Cited by 25
“In a meta-analysis of 49 randomized controlled trials (n = 5,908), Gee et al. (2019) concluded that non- pharmacological interventions designed to improve sleep had a positive impact on depressive symptoms.”
BackgroundHu, J., Wang, J., Li, D., Huang, X., Xue, Y., Jia, L., Zhang, Z., Wan, Y., Song, X., Wang, R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.818295 · Cited by 23
Bai, N., Cao, J., Zhang, H., Liu, X., & Yin, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.13024 · Cited by 24
Richardson, C. E., Magson, N. R., Oar, E. L., Fardouly, J., Johnco, C. J., Freeman, J. Y. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241230458 · Cited by 23
“There is a large body of evidence to suggest that nonpharmacological sleep interventions improve symptoms of depression and anxiety (Gee et al., 2019; Staines et al., 2021), including in young people (Blake & Allen, 2020) and across both clinical and nonclinical populations, suggesting sleep…”
Mijnster, T., Boersma, G. J., Meijer, E., & Lancel, M. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12071070 · Cited by 24
“Furthermore, treatment of insomnia has been shown to not only improve sleep but also to ameliorate symptoms of the comorbid psychiatric illness [31,89,90].”
BackgroundResultPatterns of polysomnography parameters in 27 neuropsychiatric diseases: an umbrella review
Zhang, Y., Ren, R., Yang, L., Zhang, H., Shi, Y., Vitiello, M. V., Sanford, L. D., & Tang, X. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001581 · Cited by 25
Hao, M., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Wu, Q., Yan, W., & Hao, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1118855 · Cited by 23
Zuidersma, M., Lugtenburg, A., van Zelst, W., Reesink, F. E., Deyn, P. P. D., Strijkert, F., Zuidema, S. U., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610221000065 · Cited by 18
“…be bene fi cial (Lancee et al ., 2019), while persons for whom longer or shorter sleep than usual has adverse effects may bene fi t from combined strategies to improve sleep as well as restrict sleep duration within a certain limit (e.g. Gebara et al ., 2018; Gee et al ., 2019; Lancee et al ., 2019).”
Collinge, A. N., & Bath, P. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054534 · Cited by 19
Lee, K., Ryu, H., & Chang, S. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238716 · Cited by 17
“found that poor sleep can cause depression [44].”
BackgroundOveractive Bladder Symptoms Negatively Affect Sleep Quality of Patients With Depression
Przydacz, M., Gołąbek, T., Dudek, P., Skalski, M., Sobański, J. A., Klasa, K., Gronostaj, K., Dudek, D., & Chłosta, P. L. (2021) · International Neurourology Journal · doi:10.5213/inj.2040110.055 · Cited by 17
“This coexistence property should prompt a re‐ evaluation of current recommendations on diagnosis of sleep problems for patients with depression [22,23].”
BackgroundFeng, L., Li, Z., Gu, X., Jiang, J., & Liu, X. (2021) · Gastroenterology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2021/6637084 · Cited by 16
Lee, J. S., Jaini, P. A., & Papa, F. J. (2020) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827620954779 · Cited by 18
“Nonpharmacological sleep hygiene interventions are effective in reducing the severity of depression symptoms.(39) Leisure activities, especially for those who are unemployed, have led to mental health benefits by increasing an individual’s perception of spending their time effectively and actively.”
BackgroundSchuffelen, J., Maurer, L., & Gieselmann, A. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/2171041 · Cited by 14
“To treat symptoms of insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-I) is recommended as fi rst-line treatment [22], which shows large treatment effects for insomnia severity (Hedges ’ g = 0.98) [23], and medium-to-large effect sizes for depression [24, 25].”
InfluentialMalhi, G. S., Bell, E., Stavdal, A., Wu, C., Naylor, A., & Kumari, V. (2026) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00201-1 · Cited by 19
Mathews, A., Gibbons, N., Harrison, E., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Stallard, P. N. (2022) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2063866 · Cited by 16
“Although research using CBTi to improve anxiety and depression is promising in adults, research with adolescents is more limited (Gee et al., 2019).”
MethodLambert, L., Joshanloo, M., Marquez, J., Cody, B. L., Arora, T., Warren, M. A., Aguilar, L., Samways, M., & Teasel, S. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-022-00066-2 · Cited by 14
“Adjusting school start times, 8:30am onwards, and introducing sleep hygiene programming are policy-driven solutions that have shown positive academic and mental health outcomes (Dunster et al., 2018; Gee et al., 2019; Gruber, 2017; Hayes & Bainton, 2020; Marino et al., 2021; Orchard et al., 2020; Scott et al., 2021; T…”
BackgroundPatterns of sleep disturbances and associations with depressive symptoms in autistic young adults
Lampinen, L. A., Zheng, S., Taylor, J. L., Adams, R. E., Pezzimenti, F., Asarnow, L. D., & Bishop, S. L. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2812 · Cited by 16
“…between sleep and depressive symptoms shown by our findings, and previous treatment evidence in typically developing populations (Baglioni et al., 2011; Gee et al., 2019; Howland, 2011; Wehr, 1990), sleep treatments may hold potential for ameliorating depressive symptoms in autistic adults.”
ResultHow good are large language models for automated data extraction from randomized trials?Preprint
Sun, Z., Zhang, R., Doi, S. A. R., Furuya‐Kanamori, L., Yu, T., Lin, L., & Xu, C. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.20.24303083 · Cited by 15
“Two systematic reviews of randomized trials published in BMJ and Sleep Medicine Reviews were selected, with one reporting binary outcomes 19 and another reporting continuous outcomes 20 .”
BackgroundMethodACT-i, an insomnia intervention for autistic adults: A pilot study
Lawson, L. P., Richdale, A. L., Denney, K., & Morris, E. M. J. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000571 · Cited by 13
“Recent reviews suggest that treating insomnia in those with both depression and insomnia may lead to better long-term clinical outcomes (Bei et al., 2018; Gee et al., 2019).”
Cross-Lagged Analyses of Prolonged Grief and Depression Symptoms With Insomnia Symptoms.
de Lang, T. A., Buyukcan-Tetik, A., de Jong, P., Lancel, M., & Eisma, M. (2022) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.12.004 · Cited by 13
Richdale, A., Chetcuti, L., Hayward, S. M., Abdullahi, I., Morris, E., & Lawson, L. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2899 · Cited by 13
“The contribution of insomnia to the development and maintenance of depression in autism is consistent with literature highlighting that the treatment of insomnia in patients with both depression and insomnia results in better long-term depression outcomes (Bei et al., 2018; Gee et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResultVanderschelden, B., Gebara, M. A., Oughli, H. A., Butters, M. A., Brown, P. J., Farber, N. B., Flint, A. J., Karp, J. F., Lavretsky, H., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5964 · Cited by 14
The Integration of Sleep Research Into Eating Disorders Research: Recommendations and Best Practices
Irish, L. A., Bottera, A. R., Manasse, S. M., Christensen, K. A., & Schaefer, L. M. (2024) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24241 · Cited by 14
Andersen, S. G., Sæterhagen, H., Pacheco, A. P., Pripp, A. H., Hrubos‐Strøm, H., Papageorgiou, C., Munkhaugen, J., & Dammen, T. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11656 · Cited by 13
“47,48 One explanation for the discrepancy may be that these studies were conducted among patients with both significant depression and insomnia, whereas all studies in our analysis, except for the study by Heenan et al, 31 excluded patients with major depressive disorders or severe depressive…”
Kutscher, S. J., & Juang, C. (2023) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001283 · Cited by 13
The effect of weighted blankets on sleep and related disorders: a brief review
Yu, J., Yang, Z., Sun, S., Sun, K., Chen, W., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Xu, Q., Liu, Z., Ke, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1333015 · Cited by 21
Zarchev, M. G., Kamperman, A. M., Hoepel, S. J. W., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Mulder, C. L., & van Mil, N. H. G. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae281 · Cited by 13
“Of relevance, there are intervention strategies available for improving sleep health and reducing depressive symptoms [91], which are reportedly more acceptable among adolescents than is seeking help for incipient mental health problems [4].”
Higson‐Sweeney, N., Loades, M. E., Hiller, R. M., & Read, R. K. (2019) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104519838573 · Cited by 12
“Addressing this issue may be particularly important given growing evidence that sleep interventions can lead to reductions in young peoples’ depression symptoms, potentially precluding the need, at least for some young people, for more extensive psychological therapy (Gee et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHysing, M., Harvey, A. G., Knudsen, A. K., Skogen, J. C., Reneflot, A., & Sivertsen, B. (2025) · Sleep Medicine X · doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2025.100138 · Cited by 12
Sleep as a mediator of the relationship between social class and health in higher education students
McGuffog, R., Rubin, M., Boyes, M. E., Caltabiano, M. L., Collison, J., Lovell, G. P., Muldoon, O. T., & Паолини, С. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12645 · Cited by 14
“Gee et al. (2018) also highlighted that non-pharmacological sleep interventions can be cost-effective.”
BackgroundResultLau, P. H., Carney, A. E., Marway, O. S., Carmona, N. E., Amestoy, M. E., & Carney, C. E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100366 · Cited by 12
Bauducco, S., Gardner, L. A., Smout, S., Champion, K. E., Chapman, C., Gamble, A. L., Teesson, M., Gradisar, M., & Newton, N. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60974-y · Cited by 12
“Two recent meta-analyses found evidence that improving sleep can lead to an improvement in both anxiety and depressive symptoms 40,41 .”
BackgroundWang, X., Ren, L., Zhao, X., Shi, Y., Li, J., Yu, H., Yu, H., Lv, R., Liu, N., Wu, X., et al. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114833 · Cited by 11
Lamport, D. J., Breese, E., Gião, M. S., Chandra, S., & Orchard, F. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13782 · Cited by 9
“There is strong evidence for effective psychological treatment of sleep disturbances caused by psychological factors, such as stress, and evidence of secondary benefits on mental wellbeing (Gee et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEnhancing automatic sleep stage classification with cerebellar EEG and machine learning techniques
Wang, M., Guan, J., Tong, S., Wang, J., Yikai, Y., Yicheng, Z., Yi, Z., Xiaoyu, Y., Li, X., Yang, J., et al. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109515 · Cited by 9
de Verville, P. L. S., Etchecopar‐Etchart, D., Richieri, R. M., Godin, O., Schürhoff, F., Berna, F. S., Aouizerate, B., Capdevielle, D., Chéreau, I., d’Amato, T., et al. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110275 · Cited by 9
Dyrberg, H., Bjorvatn, B., & Larsen, E. R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11195845 · Cited by 10
“The reduction in depressive symptoms is in line with previous findings [17,18].”
ResultTrajectories of insomnia following bereavement
de Lang, T. A., Büyükcan-Tetik, A., de Jong, P. J., Lancel, M., & Eisma, M. C. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.12.009 · Cited by 10
Dietch, J. R., & Furst, A. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.530273 · Cited by 11
Alnaser, A. R., Joudeh, R. M., Zitoun, O. A., Battah, A., Al-Odat, I. A., Jum’ah, M., & Battah, A. A. (2021) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-021-00150-4 · Cited by 9
“Hence, as non-pharmacological sleep interventions, such as relaxation training, sleep restriction therapy, and biofeedback, were found to be effective in reducing the severity of depressive symptoms [46], they would be strongly recommended to participants reporting poor SQ.”
BackgroundLow-intensity sleep intervention in a youth mental health service: A case series analysis
Rollinson, R., Price, I., Gee, B., Lyons, J., Carroll, B., Wilson, J., & Clarke, T. (2021) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246582000051x · Cited by 8
“Studies tend to indicate a strong improvement in sleep quality and significant improvements in mental health symptoms (Freeman et al., 2015; Gee et al., 2019; Luik et al., 2017; Taylor and Pruiksma, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOne-year actigraphy study of sleep and rest-activity rhythms as markers of relapse in depression
Tonon, A. C., Nexha, A., Cunningham, J. E. A., d’Eon, J., Chakrabarty, T., Farzan, F., Foster, J. A., Harkness, K. L., Hassel, S., Ho, K., et al. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.4453 · Cited by 9
Knobbe, K., Partha, M., Seckeler, M. D., Klewer, S., Hsu, C., Edgin, J. O., Morgan, W. J., Provencio‐Dean, N., Lopez, S., Parthasarathy, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.021749 · Cited by 8
“29 Given this, it is feasible that treatment of sleep disturbances, in addition to existing treatments, in children with Fontan circulation may lead to improvement in the known behavioral and neurodevelopmental concerns present in this population.”
Bates, R. A., & Dynia, J. M. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23118 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Gee, B., Orchard, F., Clarke, E., Joy, A., Clarke, T., & Reynolds, S.
- Affiliations
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Reading (GB)
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gee, Brioney
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 43
- Pages
- 118-128
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2898866171
- Semantic Scholar
- 435f778f6271d7e10ce668f9807a05a7a96041da
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- non-pharmacological sleep intervention, depressive symptoms, sleep disorders, subjective sleep quality, depression treatment, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Sleep, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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