Global prevalence of poor sleep quality in military personnel and veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
Abstract
Poor sleep quality is prevalent among members of the military but rates of poor sleep quality vary between studies. This study examined the global prevalence of poor sleep quality in military personnel and veterans as well as possible moderators of prevalence differences between studies. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were systematically searched from their inception dates to September 1, 2022. Studies were included if they were conducted on military personnel and/or veterans and prevalence estimates of poor sleep quality could be generated from assessments with standardized tools. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fifty-nine studies (N = 28,100) were included for analysis with sample sizes ranging from 14 to 8481. Two studies were rated as "high quality" (3.39%), while 57 were rated as "moderate quality" (96.61%). The overall pooled prevalence of poor sleep quality in military personnel and veterans was 69.00% (95% CI: 62.33-75.30%); pooled rates were 57.79% (95% CI: 49.88-65.50%) and 82.88% (95% CI: 74.08-90.21%) for active duty personnel and veterans, respectively. Subgroup analyses indicated study region, study design, sampling method, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index cut-off values, and service type moderated prevalence of poor sleep quality. Meta-regression analyses indicated sample size, mean age, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were associated with prevalence differences between studies. Poor sleep quality was more common in both active duty military personnel and veterans who were older and those who reported PTSD or depression. Regular monitoring of sleep quality and sleep hygiene should be promoted in this population. More relevant studies in middle- and low-income countries should also be conducted.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The pooled prevalence of sleep disturbances is 82.88% (95% CI 74.08-90.21) for veterans.
“and 82.88% (95% CI: 74.08–90.21%) for veterans.”
Higher mean age and symptoms of depression and PTSD are associated with higher prevalence rates of impaired sleep.
“Further, a higher mean age, and the occurrence of symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were associated with higher prevalence rates of impaired sleep.”
The overall pooled prevalence of sleep disturbances in military personnel and veterans is 69.00% (95% CI 62.33-75.30).
“Bai et al. (66) calculated that the overall pooled prevalence of sleep disturbances in military personnel and veterans was 69.00% (95% CI: 62.33–75.30%);”
The pooled prevalence of sleep disturbances is 57.79% (95% CI 49.88-65.50) for active-duty military personnel.
“pooled rates were 57.79% (95% CI: 49.88–65.50%) for active-duty personnel”
Medical doctors and military personnel are at increased risk to report poor sleep compared to the general population.
“Further, compared to the general population, two subgroups are at increased risk to report poor sleep: Medical doctors (47–51), and military personnel (65, 66, 154).”
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234 · see citing works
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623 · see citing works
Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research
Bastien, C. (2001) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(00)00065-4 · Cited by 8,067 · see citing works
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003583 · Cited by 5,148 · see citing works
Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
Johns, M. (1992) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/15.4.376 · Cited by 2,193 · see citing works
The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring
Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2012) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1642 · Cited by 2,172 · see citing works
Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption
Medic, G., Wille, M., & Hemels, M. (2017) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s134864 · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury
Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., Wright, D. W., & Maas, A. I. (2010) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.05.017 · Cited by 1,678 · see citing works
Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556 · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine
Denollet, J., Gellman, M. D., & Turner, J. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Fulton, J. J., Calhoun, P. S., Wagner, H. R., Schry, A. R., Hair, L. P., Feeling, N. R., Elbogen, E. B., & Beckham, J. C. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.02.003 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Prevalence of Chronic Pain After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Nampiaparampil, D. E. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.6.711 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
An introduction to power and sample size estimation
Jones, S. R., Carley, S. D., & Harrison, M. (2003) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emj.20.5.453 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Sleep quality during pregnancy: A meta-analysis
Sedov, I. D., Cameron, E. E., Madigan, S. L., & Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.005 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Critical appraisal of the health research literature: prevalence or incidence of a health problem.
Loney, P., Chambers, L. W., BENNETT, K. J., Roberts, J. G., & Stratford, P. W. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 550 · see citing works
The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: A meta-analysis
Cao, X.-L., Wang, S.-B., Zhong, B., Zhang, L., Ungvari, G. S., Ng, C. H., Lu, L., Chiu, H. F. K., Lok, K.-I., Lu, J.-P., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170772 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citationAge and gender effects on the prevalence of poor sleep quality in the adult population
Madrid‐Valero, J. J., Martínez‐Selva, J. M., Couto, B. R. D., Sánchez-Romera, J. F., & Ordoñana, J. R. (2016) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.05.013 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Self-rated health, chronic diseases, and symptoms among middle-aged and elderly men and women
Molarius, A., & Janson, S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00491-7 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Evaluation of the measurement properties of the Epworth sleepiness scale: A systematic review
Kendzerska, T. B., Smith, P. M., Brignardello-Petersen, R., Leung, R. S., & Tomlinson, G. A. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.08.002 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Ramchand, R., Schell, T. L., Karney, B. R., Osilla, K. C., Burns, R. M., & Caldarone, L. B. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20486 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Guidelines for evaluating prevalence studies
Boyle, M. H. (1998) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.1.2.37 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Beaudreau, S. A., Spira, A. P., Stewart, A. L., Kezirian, E. J., Lui, L., Ensrud, K. E., Redline, S. S., Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Stone, K. L. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2011.04.005 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Sleep-wake disturbances after traumatic brain injury
Ouellet, M.-C., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., & Morin, C. M. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00068-x · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Tang, J., Liao, Y., Kelly, B. C., Xie, L., Xiang, Y., Qi, C., Pan, C., Hao, W., Liu, T., Zhang, F., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43690 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationGadie, A., Shafto, M. A., Leng, Y., Cam-CAN, & Kievit, R. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014920 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
The occupational impact of sleep quality and insomnia symptoms
Kucharczyk, E., Morgan, K., & Hall, A. P. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.01.005 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Prevalence of sleep disturbances in Chinese university students: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Li, L., Wang, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, D., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., Cui, X., Liu, Z., et al. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12648 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationDong, M., Wang, S.-B., Li, Y., Xu, D.-D., Ungvari, G. S., Ng, C. H., Chow, I. H. I., & Xiang, Y. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.043 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Disorders in US Military Personnel
Mysliwiec, V., Gill, J., Lee, H., Baxter, T., Pierce, R., Barr, T. L., Krakow, B., & Roth, B. J. (2013) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.13-0088 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Burnout Syndrome and shift work among the nursing staff
Vidotti, V., Ribeiro, R. P., Galdino, M. J. Q., & Martins, J. T. (2018) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2550.3022 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
A brief introduction to the military workplace culture
Redmond, S. A., Wilcox, S. L., Campbell, S., Kim, A., Finney, K., Barr, K., & Hassan, A. M. (2015) · WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/wor-141987 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Traumatic Brain Injury and Sleep Disorders
Viola-Saltzman, M., & Watson, N. F. (2012) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.008 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Sleep quality in medical students: a comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies
Rao, W., Li, W., Qi, H., Hong, L., Chen, C., Li, C.-Y., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., & Xiang, Y. (2020) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-020-02020-5 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Occupational Mental Health Model for the Military
Adler, A. B., & Castro, C. A. (2012) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2012.721063 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Lippa, S. M., Fonda, J. R., Fortier, C. B., Amick, M. A., Kenna, A., Milberg, W. P., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21979 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Sleep Disturbance during Military Deployment
Peterson, A. L., Goodie, J. L., Satterfield, W. A., & Brim, W. L. (2008) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.173.3.230 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Simonelli, G., Marshall, N. S., Grillakis, A. A., Miller, C. B., Hoyos, C. M., & Glozier, N. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.03.001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Kemppainen, H., Nurmi, H. J., Raivio, N., & Kiianmaa, K. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00001 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
COVID-19 Pandemic and Infant Neurodevelopmental Impairment
Hessami, K., Norooznezhad, A. H., Monteiro, S. A., Barrozo, E. R., Abdolmaleki, A. S., Arian, S. E., Zargarzadeh, N., Shekerdemian, L. S., Aagaard, K. M., & Shamshirsaz, A. A. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38941 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Huang, W., Shah, S. P., Long, Q., Crankshaw, A. K., & Tangpricha, V. (2012) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e318255655d · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Li, W., Ma, T., Zhang, L., Hall, B. J., Ungvari, G. S., & Xiang, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00161 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Disturbances in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Updated Review and Implications for Treatment
Koffel, E., Khawaja, I. S., & Germain, A. (2016) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20160125-01 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Lu, L., Wang, S.-B., Rao, W., Zhang, Q., Ungvari, G. S., Ng, C. H., Kou, C., Jia, F., & Xiang, Y. (2018) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1469492 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationThe BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism Modulates Sleep Intensity: EEG Frequency- and State-Specificity
Bachmann, V., Klein, C., Bodenmann, S., Schäfer, N., Berger, W., Brugger, P., & Landolt, H. (2012) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1690 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Gomez-Mérino, D., Drogou, C., Chennaoui, M., Tiollier, E., Mathieu, J., & Guézennec, C. Y. (2005) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000084849 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The prevalence of tic disorders for children in China
Yang, C., Zhang, L., Zhu, P., et al. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000004354 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Garbarino, S., Guglielmi, O., Puntoni, M., Bragazzi, N. L., & Magnavita, N. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16050885 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Lee, S. Y., Ju, Y. J., Lee, J. E., Kim, Y. T., Hong, S., Choi, Y. J., Song, M. K., & Kim, H. Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.069 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Moradi, Y., Dowran, B., & Sepandi, M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03526-2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Zhao, F., Guo, L., Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-020-00854-w · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Phase advance of sleep and temperature circadian rhythms in the middle years of life in humans
Carrier, J., Paquet, J., Morettini, J., & Touchette, É. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00038-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Pan, X., Xiao, Y., Ren, D., Xu, Z., Zhang, Q., Yang, L., Liu, F., Hao, Y., Zhao, F., & Bai, Y. (2020) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12427 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnston, D. T., Deuster, P. A., Harris, W. S., MacRae, H., & Dretsch, M. N. (2012) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1179/1476830512y.0000000025 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Detecting insomnia in patients with low back pain: accuracy of four self-report sleep measures
Alsaadi, S. M., McAuley, J. H., Hush, J. M., Bartlett, D. J., Henschke, N., Grunstein, R. R., & Maher, C. G. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-196 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Rusch, H. L., Guardado, P., Baxter, T., Mysliwiec, V., & Gill, J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.4770 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Sleep disturbances in veterans with chronic war-induced PTSD
Khazaie, H., Ghadami, M. R., & Masoudi, M. (2016) · Journal of Injury and Violence Research · doi:10.5249/jivr.v8i2.808 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14060566 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Suzuki, G., Tokuno, S., Nibuya, M., Ishida, T., Yamamoto, T., Mukai, Y., Mitani, K., Tsumatori, G., Scott, D., & Shimizu, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089455 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ding, K., Wang, S., Xu, W., Lin, L., Liao, D., Chen, H., Tan, W., Huang, J., Hou, C., & Jia, F. (2022) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12520 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Stojanovic, M. P., Fonda, J. R., Fortier, C. B., Higgins, D. M., Rudolph, J. L., Milberg, W., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2016) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnw042 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Quality, Quantity, and Intraindividual Variability of Sleep Among Students and Student-Athletes
Leduc, C., Tee, J. C., Weakley, J. J. S., Ramírez‐López, C., & Jones, B. L. (2019) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738119887966 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The utility of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in US military personnel
Matsangas, P., & Mysliwiec, V. (2018) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2018.1478547 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Urinary incontinence and chronic conditions in the US population age 50 years and older
Daugirdas, S. P., Markossian, T. W., Mueller, E. R., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Cao, G., & Kramer, H. (2020) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-019-04137-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mantua, J., Bessey, A. F., Mickelson, C. A., Choynowski, J. J., Noble, J. J., Burke, T. M., McKeon, A. B., & Sowden, W. J. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa221 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sleep Quality and the Role of Sleep Medications for Veterans with Chronic Pain
Chapman, J. B., Lehman, C. L., Elliott, J. E., & Clark, J. D. (2006) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00110.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nieuwenhuys, A., Dora, J., Knufinke-Meyfroyt, M., Beckers, D. G. J., Rietjens, G. J., & Helmhout, P. H. (2020) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103295 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Trauma-related dreams of Australian veterans with PTSD: content, affect and phenomenology
Phelps, A. J., Forbes, D., Hopwood, M., & Creamer, M. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.599314 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Corty, E. W., & Corty, R. W. (2011) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0b013e318209785a · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Military Sleep Management: An Operational Imperative.
Mysliwiec, V., Walter, R. J., Collen, J. F., & Wesensten, N. J. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Chen, B.-J., Li, W., Xie, F., Loke, A., & Shu, Q. (2020) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-020-01460-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Shim, E., Hwang, H., Lee, K.-M., Lee, J.-Y., Lee, S. D., Baik, M., Shin, M., Moon, H., & Hahm, B. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112912 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hruby, A., Lieberman, H. R., & Smith, T. J. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5781-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sidiq, M., Alenazi, W., Kashoo, F. Z., Qasim, M., Lopez, M. P., Ahmad, M., Mani, S., Shaphe, M. A., Khodairi, O., Almutairi, A., et al. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12249 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ruan, Y., Yu, X., Wang, H., Zou, B., Song, W., Gu, W., & Ling, C. (2020) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106950 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tan, J., Li, N., Cui, B., et al. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.018 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mantua, J., Pirner, M., Doyle, S. T., Bessey, A. F., Naylor, J. A., Ritland, B. M., Sowden, W. J., Burke, T. M., & McKeon, A. B. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.02.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The role of PTSD and TBI in post-deployment sleep outcomes
Martindale, S. L., Konst, M. J., Bateman, J. R., Arena, A. L., & Rowland, J. A. (2020) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2020.1724595 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ord, A. S., Epstein, E. L., Shull, E. R., Taber, K. H., Martindale, S. L., & Rowland, J. A. (2022) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000400 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Rigotti, V., Stanga, Z., Lang, U. E., Blais, R. K., Kelley, M. L., & Brand, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1390636 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bai, W., Gui, Z., Chen, M.-Y., Zhang, Q., Lam, M. I., Si, T. L., Zheng, W.-Y., Liu, Y.-F., Su, Z., Cheung, T., Jackson, T., Li, X.-H., & Xiang, Y.-T.
- Affiliations
- University of Macau (MO)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- Southeast University (CN)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Xiao-Hong
- Xiang, Yu-Tao
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-10
- Volume
- 71
- Pages
- 101840
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4386003641
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 10
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Adminitrative Commission of Zhongguancun Science Park (Z181100001518005)
- National Major Science and Technology Projects of China (2018ZX09201-014)
- Universidade de Macau (MYRG2019-00066-FHS, MYRG2022-00187-FHS)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- poor sleep quality, military personnel, veterans, prevalence, active duty military personnel, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, sleep hygiene
- MeSH terms
- Sleep Quality, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Military Personnel, Sleep Wake Disorders, Veterans, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
