The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 90 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review
Open accessAbstract
Background The Covid-19 pandemic is straining healthcare systems in the US and globally, which has wide-reaching implications for health. Women experience unique health risks and outcomes influenced by their gender, and this narrative review aims to outline how these differences are exacerbated in the Covid-19 pandemic. Observations It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2. This review analyzed the health, economic, and social systems that result in gender-based differences in the areas healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics. We assess data from previous disease outbreaks coupled with literature from the Covid-19 pandemic to examine the impact of gender on women’s SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease risks and overall health status during the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusions Gender differences in health risks and implications are likely to be expanded during the Covid-19 pandemic. Efforts to foster equity in health, social, and economic systems during and in the aftermath of Covid-19 may mitigate the inequitable risks posed by pandemics and other times of healthcare stress.
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In the paper
“Outside of the current pandemic, the US's poor obstetric and neonatal healthcare indicators are largely driven by worse rates of maternal morbidity and mortality within Black and Native populations (Petersen et al., 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Beyond the paid workforce, 65% of informal family caregivers in the US are women (Feinberg et al., 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feinberg et al., 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Women are concentrated in roles requiring the most close, prolonged contact with patients (Fig. 1) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These changes likely negatively impact maternal and neonatal outcomes (Elmir et al., 2010; Goodman et al., 2004).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“This study found no difference in death among pregnant and non-pregnant women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Initial reports indicate that women are at decreased risk of severe disease and death with SARS-CoV-2 infection than men (Purdie et al., 2020; Richardson et al., 2020).”
- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
“It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Purdie et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Richardson et al., 2020 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
In the paper
“Women compose the majority of the healthcare workforce; 76% of US healthcare workers are women (Fig. 1 ) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic is already exacerbating women's caregiver responsibilities with schools and childcare centers preventatively closed nationwide in the US (Graves, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graves, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pandemics limit access to the healthcare system, notably to preventative and reproductive healthcare.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Moreover, Black and Latinx, low-income, and immigrant women are all at greatest risk of being uninsured (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], 2016) and subsequently being unable to access healthcare should they become sick from their caregiving roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites KFF, 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
In the paper
“Reports from the CDC emphasize healthcare workers’ increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 given the close interaction with high concentrations of patients and visitors amidst shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) (CDC, 2020a).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020a
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In an effort to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection, pregnant people have had their autonomy limited during this pandemic, including visitor restrictions during labor (CDC, 2020b), forced separation of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers and infants (CDC, 2020b), and the potential for reduced options for anesthesia due to limited resources for respiratory support (Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinat”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020b
- Not checked yetcites Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite this potential increase in unintended pregnancies and financial strain of the pandemic's economic fall-out, some states are threating to halt abortion services (Ollstein, 2020), inaccurately denoting these procedures as elective and able to be delayed (Smith et al., 2018; Watson, 2018; Bayefsky et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the pandemic, women on average report more physical and mental unhealthy days per year than men despite utilizing more preventive care services (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this study was limited by missing data points among its participants including pregnancy status (missing for nearly 75% of participants) and medical comorbidities (missing in close to 80% of cases).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the healthcare workforce, women, particularly women of color and immigrants, constitute the majority of US domestic workers and caregivers that are paid outside of formal channels (Diaz-Ordaz, 2010). Although these workers play critical roles in the care of children, the sick, and the elderly, many legal protections afforded to formal caregivers (including health insurance, overtime pay”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diaz-Ordaz, 2010
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One-third of US women reported delays or cancellations in sexual and reproductive healthcare, with a higher proportion of reports from Black, Latinx, LGBTQIA, and low-income women. Women in these groups also report more concern about their ability to access sexual and reproductive healthcare services, particularly contraception (Lindberg et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindberg et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Ellington et al. (2020), pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at greater risk for severe illness when compared to non-pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2, including increased risk of hospitalization (aRR = 5.4, 95% CI 5.1–5.6), intensive care unit admission (aRR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) and mechanical ventilation (aRR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender is a social determinant of health, unique from but entangled with sex differences (Springer et al., 2012; Rich-Edwards et al., 2018)”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to their personal caregiving responsibilities, working women lose roughly $5000 annually in income from wage penalties and reduced hours (Van Houtven et al., 2013). Conversely, male informal caregivers do not experience any difference in income for these responsibilities (Van Houtven et al., 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Houtven et al., 2013 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Racial disparities in access to and utilization of healthcare services and provider and institutional bias contribute to these outcomes, all of which may worsen during the health system stress of pandemics (Moaddab et al., 2018; American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2015; Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moaddab et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites ACOG, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women also have worse outcomes for prevalent health conditions including asthma (CDC, 2013), diabetes (Roche and Wang, 2013), and myocardial infarctions (Mehta et al., 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Roche and Wang, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although PPE is often marketed as “unisex,” findings show that they are manufactured according to traditional male proportions (Trades Union Congress, 2017). This has led to some women wearing ill-fitting PPE, potentially compromising their degree of protection (Pugh, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Trades Union Congress, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Pugh, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, there have been increased cesarean section rates among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, which are often performed before term, increasing the risk of complications for both the mother and neonate (Della Gatta et al., 2020; Matar et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Della Gatta et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Matar et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With increased job loss due to the pandemic (Nicola et al., 2020), many women are forced to work part-time in multiple healthcare facilities without paid sick leave, thereby increasing their risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission to others (Pichler et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nicola et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Pichler et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, it is likely that women are experiencing more caregiver burden during the pandemic while being isolated from the social supports needed to reduce this burden.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the decreased desire to become pregnant, women have experienced logistical and political threats to contraception and abortion access during the Covid-19 pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of disease outbreaks, female caregivers are more likely to experience a specific stress termed “caregiver burden,” the multidimensional toll that caregivers experience to their social, emotional, spiritual, financial, and physical wellbeing (Adelman et al., 2014). Perceived lack of agency in choosing the role, financial stress, and social isolation are associated with higher caregiver”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Abstract > Observations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More broadly, differences in screening, testing, and indications for hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 among pregnant and non-pregnant people may cloud the reported conclusions, and it is unclear if the increased risks seen among pregnant people are from obstetric or SARS-CoV-2 related complications (Ellington et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A multinational survey found that women without social support are more vulnerable to negative mental health outcomes than men without social connections, due to women's greater reliance on social support (Dalgard et al., 2006).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dalgard et al., 2006 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incidents of IPV and gender-based violence (GBV) increased globally during the Ebola (2014) and Zika (2016) outbreaks (Davies and Bennett, 2016) and are escalating during Covid-19 (North, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
- Not checked yetcites North, 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beyond its direct implications for physical and mental health, IPV is a social determinant of health and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality for co-occurring diseases (Miller and Mccaw, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Mccaw, 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic also presents a perfect storm for female informal caregivers to experience increased burden, as mentioned above, which has demonstrated negative outcomes such as poor self-care, depression, and anxiety (Adelman et al., 2014).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This, coupled with the mental and economic strains of the pandemic, is likely initiating and exacerbating IPV and GBV (Van Gelder et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Gelder et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These issues will both contribute to the development of mental health disorders and limit access to mental health resources for women during and after the pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous work suggests that gendered differences in mental health disorders outside of the disease outbreaks exist largely due to structurally imposed strains on women (Afifi, 2007), with disproportionate impacts on Black, Latinx, Native, and immigrant populations, partially due to discrimination (American Psychiatric Association, 2007; Greenwood et al., 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Afifi, 2007
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Greenwood et al., 2017 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite greater utilization of mental health resources, women in the US are twice as likely to have unmet needs for mental health services as men, often because of inadequate insurance coverage and stigma associated with seeking care (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the challenges in access to family planning in a pandemic, medication abortion facilitated by telemedicine is prohibited in eighteen US states (Guttmacher Institute, 2020). Even if pregnant people obtain prescriptions for medication abortions, mifepristone—one of the drugs used—is subject to Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) restrictions (Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017). The”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guttmacher Institute, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued restrictions on abortion will inevitably increase the number of pregnant people needing obstetric care during and in the aftermath of this pandemic, burdening an already under-resourced healthcare system.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women are underrepresented in drug development trials; many researchers fail to design studies with adequate samples of women, and even fewer analyze results according to gender and sex (Liu and Mager, 2016; Nowogrodzki, 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu and Mager, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Nowogrodzki, 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these circumstances represent dangerous, often tragic, public health emergencies that disproportionately affect women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these risk factors can affect the mental health of all populations during the Covid-19 pandemic, there is likely a differential impact on women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender roles tend to be reinforced during times of disease outbreak (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016). This likely increases feelings of stress, dissatisfaction, and lack of autonomy among women as they try to reconcile their self-identity with their imposed roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic will have immediate and long-term effects on women's health, highlighting the importance of gender analysis in its planning and response.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender blindness leads to health interventions that may be less effective for women at best and directly harmful to their wellbeing at worst—outcomes demonstrated in previous disease outbreaks (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the current body of knowledge overwhelmingly focuses on differences among genders that are detrimental to women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During disease outbreaks, “gender blindness”—the systemic failure to acknowledge gender differences in health—pervades and hinders response efforts (Smith, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may be aspects of women's experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic and other disease outbreaks that are beneficial to women's health, but our discussion of those topics is limited by the negativity bias of reporting in the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the literature cited here regarding gender and disease outbreaks come from the SARS, Ebola, and Zika outbreaks.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we recognize that gender is often framed through a lens of ethnocentrism, classism, and heteronormativity, which limits our description of the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Health inequities are compounded in women who have intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status, immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.
“These health inequities are compounded in women with intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status (SES), immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural geographic location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The societal effects of the Covid-19 pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.
“Much as the SARS-CoV-2 virus confers disproportionate morbidity to individuals on the periphery of health—the elderly and those with chronic medical conditions—the societal effects of the pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.”
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“For migrant women with young children, especially single mothers, the risk for mental health issues, including depression, is high due to the accumulation of risk factors (e.g., caregiving roles, economic insecurity) (44, 46).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our results, as well as the emerging literature on the COVID-19 pandemic' impacts on wellbeing and mental health, highlight the vulnerability and the potential severe and long-term effects that the pandemic may have for certain groups (21, 44, 45).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
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Investigation into the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic for people living with HIV
Lo, S. W. K., Muschialli, L., Fernandez, T. V., Smith, C. J., Peppa, D., & Burns, F. M. (2023) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624231179275 · Cited by 3
“Reasons underlying this trend in a disproportionate impact of the pandemic on women living with HIV could include the burden of unpaid work increasing amongst women, 5 women experiencing greater work disruption compared to men, 28 and the pandemic exacerbating pre-existing gender inequalities.”
Llamas-Clark, E. F., Villanueva-Uy, M. E. T., Cagayan, F. S., Heralde, F. M., Lumandas, M. U., Feliciano, J. F., Rosell-Ubial, P. J. B., & Baja, E. S. (2023) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101372 · Cited by 3
Barbalat, G., Melac, A. T., Zante, É., Haesebaert, F., & Franck, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1234023 · Cited by 3
Al-Haifi, A. R., Bumaryoum, N. Y., Alawadhi, B., Alammar, F. A., Alkhalaf, B., & Al-Hazzaa, H. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15224773 · Cited by 4
“In addition, some recent studies observed gender-related health risk differences as a result of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions [20,21].”
Aquino, J. M., & Reyes, M. G. M. (2024) · International Journal of Social Learning (IJSL) · doi:10.47134/ijsl.v4i2.222 · Cited by 4
“Initiatives to boost equality in medical, societal, and economic systems during and after Covid-19 could help to limit the unequal hazards as well as other times medical stress that can bring (Connor, et. al.”
Hassan, A., Spake, L., Shaver, J. H., Shenk, M. K., Sosis, R. H., & Sear, R. (2024) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100932 · Cited by 3
Chen, S., Huang, T., Huang, Y., Nie, C., Liang, J., Ma, H., Liu, X., Xu, Y., & Guo, J. (2022) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid2040032 · Cited by 3
“, SARS in 2003, Ebola in 2014, and Zika in 2016) experienced mental stresses [18].”
Suicide trends during COVID-19 pandemic in Gunungkidul, Indonesia
Nurdiyanto, F. A., Puri, V. G. S., & Putri, L. S. (2022) · Journal of Community Empowerment for Health · doi:10.22146/jcoemph.69514 · Cited by 5
Gendered Articulations of Control and Care on Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary
Linnamäki, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.656731 · Cited by 3
“It has resulted in a higher “caregiver burden” women in general need to face, that is a “multidimensional toll that caregivers experience to their social, emotional, spiritual, financial, and physical wellbeing” (Adelman Ronald et al., 2014; Connor et al., 2020).”
Factors of Negative Affect in Elderly Patients With Substance Use Disorders During COVID-19 Pandemic
Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Zuo, J., Zhou, Y., Yang, W. F. Z., Liao, Y., Tang, J., Wang, X., Yang, Q., Wu, Q., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.697472 · Cited by 3
Gu, W., Liu, X., Sun, R., Jiang, Y., Cao, Z., Wu, M., Ma, J., Chen, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.740064 · Cited by 3
Arigo, D., Travers, L., & König, L. M. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2027421 · Cited by 5
“Women are more often in both formal and informal caregiving roles than men and are at greater risk of COVID-19 inflection (due to proximity to sick others), in addition to bearing a greater responsibility of care for children while working during the pandemic (Connor et al., 2020).”
Sex Differences between Medical Students in the Assessment of the Fear of COVID-19
Trapp, M. D. C., Wiskur, B. J., Suh, J. H., Brand, M. W., Kuhn, K. G., & Rojas, J. I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063372 · Cited by 3
“Sex-specific health risks may increase fears of COVID-19, as women experience worse health outcomes for asthma, diabetes, and myocardial infarctions and report more mentally unhealthy days per year than men [24].”
Neira, D. A. P., Zaidan, M., Nishi, S. P. E., Duarte, A. G., Lau, C., Parthasarathy, S., Wang, J., Kuo, Y., & Sharma, G. (2023) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s415621 · Cited by 3
“The differences in HCU in women with COPD post COVID-19 infection may be explained by social rather than biological variables.(33) Our third main finding was the racial/ethnic differences in the HCU of patients with COPD post-COVID-19 hospitalization (Table S5).”
Dol, J., Richardson, B., Aston, M. L., McMillan, D., Murphy, G. T., & Campbell-Yeo, M. L. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.21250555 · Cited by 3
“Women are disproportionally being impacted with significant impacts on childcare and their physical health (Connor et al., 2020).”
'Under Pressure': Access to Cancer Care in Chile During the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Cuadrado, C., Vidal, F., Pacheco, J., & Flores‐Alvarado, S. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3866609 · Cited by 3
Gender disparities in access to care for time-sensitive conditions during COVID-19 pandemic in ChilePreprint
Pacheco, J., Crispi, F., Alfaro, T., Martínez, M. S. C., & Cuadrado, C. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-353036/v1 · Cited by 3
Laurenzi, C. A., Menyatsoe, M., Shuaib, M., Edwards, A., Gemmell, K., Geffen, H., Tomlinson, M., Müller, A., Manda, S., & Mabaso, K. M. (2024) · Poverty & Public Policy · doi:10.1002/pop4.408 · Cited by 2
The gendered effects of COVID-19 on well-being: a household perspective
Patzina, A., Collischon, M., & Kroh, J. (2025) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcaf022 · Cited by 2
Piñeros-Leaño, M., Agarwal‐Harding, P., Ruscitti, B., Vélez‐Grau, C., Costas-Rodríguez, B., Pérez‐Flores, N. J., Harker, A., & H, D. B. M. P. (2025) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2025.10056 · Cited by 2
“…depression and trauma-related symptoms among migrants and women care-givers during the pandemic globally, due to economic hardship, social isolation and disruption of services – stressors that may have long-lasting effects beyond the acute crisis period (Connor et al., 2020; Moreno et al., 2020).”
Chen, Y., & Chen, L. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25300-9 · Cited by 3
“This likely reflects their overrepresentation in precarious employment within unstable, informal, or service sectors, which were disproportionately affected by lockdowns and economic downturns [46], alongside potentially intensified caregiving burdens during the health crisis [31, 32].”
Morbilidad materna e inequidad en tiempos de COVID-19: perspectivas bioéticas
Uribe, J. C. G., López, M. J., Penagos, J. C. B., & Figueroa, L. J. (2024) · Revista Colombiana de Bioética · doi:10.18270/rcb.4823 · Cited by 2
Argentin, G., Fellini, I., & Piccitto, G. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03730-7 · Cited by 2
“…studied, particularly the gen - dered impact of the pandemic on working conditions, family responsibilities, and other socially relevant issues (Connor et al., 2020; Collischon & Patzina, 2022; Möhring et al., 2021 ), as well as its effects on specific worker populations, such as healthcare…”
Timilsina, A., Rijal, G., Neupane, P., & Singh, S. (2022) · Health Prospect · doi:10.3126/hprospect.v21i2.42738 · Cited by 3
“Thus, it is essential to acknowledge heterogeneity and diversity within women while developing health service plans and delivery mechanisms [43].”
Barnett, E. R., Knight, E., Haskell, H. G., Merriweather, K. A., Gaspar, H. A., Parton, R. R., & Jankowski, M. K. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2022.10.002 · Cited by 2
“…uneven stressors for those in underprivileged and underserved groups (Czeisler et al., 2021a; Siegel & Mallow, 2021; Srivastava et al., 2021; van Dorn et al., 2020) and families and women with children (Brown et al., 2020; Connor et al., 2020; Czeisler et al., 2021b; Stockman et al., 2021).”
COVID-19 and Its Impact on Diverse Aspects of Women’s Lives
Lawrence, A. J., Fatima, U., Ali, F., Abraham, A., Arif, S., & Khan, T. (2023) · Indian Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1177/09715215231158010 · Cited by 2
“Some studies have already established a strong relationship between being a woman and being more likely to be negatively affected by stress-inducing events compared to men (Connor et al., 2020; González-Sanguino et al., 2020; Vetter et al., 2016).”
Graham, H. L., Asakura, Y., Kirby, J. B., Prue-Owens, K., & Ma, J. (2023) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000001009 · Cited by 2
“68 Because of the substantial public health messaging emphasizing a greater risk of severe illness and mortality due to COVID-19 for older adults, middle-aged women may have been more likely to be tasked with caregiving than their older female counterparts during this time.”
Gendered COVID-19 discussions on Twitter: a Norwegian case
Arora, S., Debesay, J., & Eslen‐Ziya, H. (2023) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-08-2022-0482 · Cited by 2
Raymo, J. M., Uchikoshi, F., & Yuri, S. (2023) · Asian Population Studies · doi:10.1080/17441730.2023.2239583 · Cited by 2
Hagenbeck, C., Soff, J., Mause, L., Hoffmann, J., Ohnhäuser, T., Stöcker, A., Zöllkau, J., & Scholten, N. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-10045-1 · Cited by 3
“At the same time, women worldwide have suffered increased consequences of the social measures taken to contain the pandemic [7].”
Fan, X., Du, J., Yu, H., Xu, Q., Weng, X., Gou, Y., & Si, Y. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068850 · Cited by 2
Belon, A. P., Yashadhana, A., Kongats, K., Atkey, K. M., Glenn, N. M., Jaques, K., Nieuwendyk, L., Harris, P. J., de Leeuw, E., & Nykiforuk, C. I. J. (2023) · Health Policy OPEN · doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100114 · Cited by 2
“Many scholars have highlighted the need for such policies to be equity-based to facilitate a fair and just recovery (c.f., [12,14]), yet this literature is limited.”
Rumination and Gender in the Relation Between Perceived Threat and State Anxiety During COVID-19
Knauft, K. M., Hayatbini, N., Wilensky, S. M., & Kalia, V. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241246491 · Cited by 2
“COVID-19 seems to exacerbate distress within women by compounding existing stressors (Connor et al., 2020), including increasing caregiving responsibilities, reducing autonomy, and reinforcing gender roles.”
The pandemic and working mothers: perspectives from American and South African working mothers
Rosen, L. H., Scott, S. R., Shukla, R., Poe, D. J., & Ahmed, S. N. N. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00165-y · Cited by 2
“This, paired with other gendered vulnerabilities such as expectations surrounding caregiving responsibilities, have important implications [11, 33, 37].”
Masking and meaning during the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Rieger, S. (2024) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.13000 · Cited by 2
Wurtz, H. M., & Samari, G. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.13019 · Cited by 2
Johnson, L. (2024) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2024-0070 · Cited by 2
Khan, Y. S., Alsrhani, A., Kaneez, S., Fatima, M., Iqbal, K., Alruwaili, M., & Farhana, A. (2024) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2
Henderson, A., MacLehose, R. F., Manson, S. M., & Buchwald, D. (2024) · International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services · doi:10.1177/27551938241277130 · Cited by 2
“8 Importantly for the health of AI/AN communities, there are systematic differences in SDH between AI/AN peoples and other populations in the United States, 9,10 and furthermore the relationships between SDH and risk of contracting COVID-19 among AI/ AN peoples are not well studied.”
Phen, S. M., Jani, N., Klein‐Adams, J. C., Ndirangu, D. S., Rahman, A., & Falvo, M. J. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09730-1 · Cited by 2
“Stratifying by sex was important to account for overall increased risk of PASC [30] and female sex-specific health risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection [31, 32], but also to ensure female Veterans’ health concerns were not overlooked in a male dominated population [33].”
Patler, C. C., & Langer, P. D. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100362 · Cited by 3
Minjung, J. U. N. G. (2025) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105363 · Cited by 2
Jiang, X., & Gao, J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22355-6 · Cited by 2
“This dilemma is exacerbated during a pandemic [10].”
Experience of Working Women in Managing Stress During Pandemic Using Expressive Art Therapy
Munusamy, K. B., Rahman, M. N. A., & Yahya, A. N. (2025) · Journal of Counseling and Educational Research · doi:10.63203/jcerch.v1i3.171 · Cited by 2
La COVID-19 en los resultados de salud en mujeres con trastorno mental grave
González-Rodríguez, A., & Monreal, J. A. (2021) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2021.09.006 · Cited by 2
Serrano, E. J. B., Moreno, R. M., Morilla-Luchena, A., & Aguado, O. V. (2022) · Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala · doi:10.33788/rcis.77.1 · Cited by 2
Freiburger, E., Quintanilla, V. D., Hugenberg, K., Erman, S., Yel, N., Kim, A., & Murphy, M. C. (2022) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12550 · Cited by 2
Mejia, C. R., Liendo-Venegas, D., García-Gamboa, F., Mejía-Rodríguez, M. A., & Valladares-Garrido, M. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.934087 · Cited by 2
Pařı́zek, A., Janků, P., Kameníková, M., Pařízková, P., Javornická, D., Benešová, D., Rogalewicz, V., Laštůvka, Z., & Barták, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032614 · Cited by 2
“[12] found that during the COVID-19 pandemic, women, in general, were exposed to a significant worsening of multifactorial stress.”
Dhillon, A., & Lambertz-Berndt, M. M. (2023) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2023.2187074 · Cited by 4
“Clearly, the pandemic has exacerbated gender inequities, where compared to men, women are losing more resources in terms of mental well-being, domestic labor and childcare, and employment losses (see Connor et al., 2020; Peck, 2021 for review).”
MacDonnell, J. A., Dastjerdi, F. M., Bokore, N., & Tharao, W. E. (2023) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2023.2190981 · Cited by 2
“…violence, among other experiences that were well-documented pre-COVID-19 (e.g., Beyene et al., 1996; Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2021; Connor et al., 2020; Etowa & Hyman, 2021; Hawkins et al., 2021; Jenkins & DelVecchio-Good, 2014; Khanlou et al., 2022; Kormendi & Brown, 2021; Morrow…”
Schroeder, M., Lazarakis, S., Mancy, R., & Angelopoulos, K. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115975 · Cited by 2
“Research on the implications of pandemics has primarily focused on effects during the main pandemic waves (Clay et al., 2019; Connor et al., 2020; Grantz et al., 2016; Maffly-Kipp et al., 2021; Mamelund, 2018; Patterson and Pyle, 1991; Reid, 2005).”
Impact of persistent COVID-19 symptoms on social life of female long haulers: A qualitative studyPreprint
Aghaei, A., Zhang, R., Taylor, S., Tam, C.-C., Yang, C., Li, X., & Qiao, S. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.22269671 · Cited by 2
Barnes, B. G., Cussatt, M., Dalton, D. W., & Harp, N. L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4740916 · Cited by 2
Kadu, A., Karandikar, N. J., & Bhattacharya, S. C. (2021) · VIMS Health Science Journal · doi:10.46858/vimshsj.8104 · Cited by 1
Somalwar, S. A., Agrawal, P. K., Gupta, P., & Garg, R. (2024) · Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10006-2400 · Cited by 1
Ndu, M. N., Teachman, G., Martin, J. E., & Nouvet, É. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03259-w · Cited by 1
“The current pandemic has reinforced the adverse impact of redistrib-uting resources and services in resource-poor settings without adequate preparedness, exacerbated further by service disruptions worldwide [1, 5–8].”
Aref, F. (2024) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-bja10103 · Cited by 1
Violencia de pareja y sintomatología mixta en mujeres mexicanas durante la pandemia por COVID-19
Gálvez, A. L. B., & Ortiz, A. P. (2024) · Entreciencias diálogos en la Sociedad del Conocimiento · doi:10.22201/enesl.20078064e.2024.26.88491 · Cited by 2
Chua, C. S., Ansah, J. P., Tep, S., Oy, S., Ung, M., & Yi, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1336785 · Cited by 1
Percepção da pandemia de COVID-19 e repercussões no cotidiano de mulheres
Santos-Lima, B., Faro, A., & Reis, C. (2024) · Revista Psicologia Diversidade e Saúde · doi:10.17267/2317-3394rpds.2024.e5923 · Cited by 1
“Outros estudos também indicaram que as alterações na rotina durante a pan-demia impactaram negativamente a saúde mental das mulheres, podendo desencadear sintomas de-pressivos ( Connor et al., 2020).”
InfluentialGotmare, P. R., Mukhtar, M. S., Bhat, L. D., & Sumalatha, B. S. (2024) · The Indian Economic Journal · doi:10.1177/00194662241299080 · Cited by 1
“Women workers lack a formal organisational framework, representation in associations and legal rights (Hill, 2001) further exacerbating social justice and economic disparity issues (Canagarajah & Sethuraman, 2001; Connor et al., 2020; Leslie & Catungal, 2012; Yamuna & Babu, 2019).”
O’Shay, S., Phillips, K. E., & Sáez, M. J. (2024) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2024.2439612 · Cited by 1
“When taken together, the intersectional layers of MOCs’ gender, motherhood, and racial/ethnic identities contributed to increased hardships that influenced their experiences and caregiving roles during COVID-19 in unique ways (Connor et al., 2020; Obinna, 2021; Sáenz & Sparks, 2020).”
Özkan, Ö. (2024) · Politik Ekonomik Kuram · doi:10.30586/pek.1540594 · Cited by 1
Ebron, K. T., Andenoro, A. C., Luzynski, C., & Ngunjiri, A. S. W. (2025) · International Journal of Public Leadership · doi:10.1108/ijpl-08-2024-0084 · Cited by 2
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Drivers, Barriers, and Enablers of Gender Equality Certification Systems: Insights from a Case Study
Sentuti, A., Palazzi, F., & Cesaroni, F. M. (2025) · SIDREA series in accounting and business administration · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78247-3_17 · Cited by 1
Krishnamurti, L. S., Monteith, L. L., Agha, A. Z., Chhatre, S., Hoffmire, C. A., & Dichter, M. E. (2025) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000977 · Cited by 1
Moore, B. E., & Kapadia, F. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2540945 · Cited by 1
“In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, several studies have also highlighted the disproportionate impact the crisis had on women’s financial security, mental health, and substance use in the general population (Connor et al., 2020; Dang & Nguyen, 2021; Thibaut & EL-Nahas, 2023; Wang et al., 2020).”
Rüthrich, M. M., Ascone, L., Hammersen, J. F., Hilgendorf, I., Kalkreuth, J., Kurze, S., Peters, E. M., Rachow, T., Rosendahl, J., & von Lilienfeld-Toal, M. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26732-7 · Cited by 1
“These mechanisms heighten vulnerability to stress-related immune dysregulation and inter-nalizing disorders, particularly during reproductive years [73, 74, 82].”
Various Facets of Anxiety during the Pandemic in India - Critical Issues
Laijawala, R., Sonavane, S., & Sousa, A. D. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97797 · Cited by 1
Muojekwu, E. E., Brotobor, D., & Omojola, O. B. (2022) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2022.13.3.0156 · Cited by 1
“Although, studies showed that difference exist between genders of FHCP; that is the female HCPs’ are likely to be exposed to the risk of infections, stress or other associated factors including mental disorders [27,28,29,30].”
COVID-19 and physical health of women with severe mental illness
González-Rodríguez, A., & Monreal, J. A. (2021) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2021.09.007 · Cited by 1
“However, numerous obstacles hinder the optimal follow-up and monitoring of these patients, 8,9 e.g., early diagnosis and correct follow-up of diseases such as cancer.”
Sofrimento psíquico de professores universitários durante a pandemia da Covid-19
Santos, M. S., & Bellemo, A. I. S. (2022) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e10529.2022 · Cited by 1
“Já em relação as faixas etárias mais baixas, houve um valor semelhante de 28,57% (4) de baixa e moderada EE em participantes com idade entre 31-40, e em participantes 21-30, o valor semelhante foi entre alta e baixa EE com 50% (1), em cada índice.”
InfluentialBlocked by Gender: Disparities in COVID19 infection detection in Tamil Nadu, India
Samanta, T., Gopalan, K., & Devi, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.966490 · Cited by 1
Huang, Y. C., Sun, J., Liu, R., Lau, J., & Cai, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416541 · Cited by 1
“Levels of psychological distress vary from person to person even under identical conditions [31,32].”
Baumann, S., & Thompson, J. R. (2023) · Health Care for Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2023.2183956 · Cited by 1
“The pandemic impacts numerous aspects of women’s health, which has also been highlighted in several other studies (Connor et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2021; Salami et al., 2021; Johnson et al., 2020).”
Frontera, E. D., Cavagahan, M. K., Carter, A., & Saeed, Z. I. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.04.009 · Cited by 1
The COVID-19 Pandemic, Social Ties, and Psychosocial Well-Being of Middle-Aged Women in Rural Africa
Agadjanian, V. (2023) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231231171868 · Cited by 1
“…paralleling the evidence from high-income contexts, in which the negative impact of the pandemic-related disruptions has varied by gender (e.g., Connor et al. 2020; Yavorsky, Qian, and Sargent 2021) and across ethnic and racial groups (e.g., Gauthier et al. 2020; Yaya et al. 2020), further…”
Gender disparity: family health benefits from higher education
Long, Y., Jia, C., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-01977-3 · Cited by 1
“…create a level playing field for women, and traditional gender norms, labor division in the family, and invisible gender discrimination in the labor market (Connor et al. 2020) make it difficult for women to translate their educational advantages into competitive edges in the labor market.”
Monteith, L. L., Schneider, A. L., Holliday, R. P., Barnes, S. M., Mohatt, N. V., Brenner, L. A., & Hoffmire, C. A. (2023) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2023.200294 · Cited by 1
Retrospective Analysis of Applications to Ankara AMATEM Unit: An Evaluation of the Pandemic Years
Örnek, B. Y., & Ulusoy, S. (2023) · Genel Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.54005/geneltip.1212114 · Cited by 1
Tierney, H. R., Ma, Y., Bacchetti, P., Adimora, A. A., Chandran, A., Kempf, M.-C., Collins, L. F., DeHovitz, J. A., DiClemente, R. J., French, A. L., et al. (2023) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2267745 · Cited by 1
“This is particularly relevant for women, who may have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and had greater increases in alcohol consumption compared to men (12,13,15– 18).”
Gunawardena, S. A., Dassanayake, N., Keerawelle, B. I., Kanthasamy, S., Ranganatha, H., & Gunawardana, J. W. (2023) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0175 · Cited by 2
“It is widely recognized that females often face discrimination during times of disaster and crisis [44], which has been observed globally during the COVID-19 pandemic as well [45, 46 ].”
Vulnerabilidade social no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19: uma discussão bioética
Alves, P. D., & Seidl, E. M. F. (2024) · CADERNOS IBERO-AMERICANOS DE DIREITO SANITÁRIO · doi:10.17566/ciads.v12i3.1205 · Cited by 1
Unmet Mental Health Needs Among California Workers Since the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Gibb, K., Bui, D. P., Cox, J., Watmore, N., & Vergara, X. P. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003123 · Cited by 1
“36 Moreover, women were more likely to face job losses, reduced working hours, and financial insecurity during the pandemic.”
Delgado, C. F., Ferretti, M. T., & Carnevale, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13681-8.00012-6 · Cited by 1
Llanos, N., Iglesias, L., Gálvez, P., Cuevas, C., & Sanhueza, D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301038 · Cited by 1
Moreno-Vásquez, M., Vidal‐Alaball, J., Sáez, M., Barceló, M. A., & PERIS Project collaborative team (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.05020 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, while men experienced more severe morbimortality from COVID-19, the pandemic has amplified existing gender disparities, with women being disproportionately affected in terms of health care provision, employment, or mental health [8,9].”
Fernandez, S. B., Dawit, R., Nawfal, E. S., Ward‐Peterson, M., Ramírez‐Ortiz, D., Sheehan, D. M., & Trepka, M. J. (2024) · HIV Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/25787489.2024.2363129 · Cited by 1
Alarcão, V., Candeias, P., Stefanovska–Petkovska, M., Pintassilgo, S. C., & Machado, F. L. (2024) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-01-2024-0003 · Cited by 1
Differences in the temporal extension of self-continuity over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic
Lu, Y., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2024) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2024.2400732 · Cited by 1
“Of course, pandemic-related disruptions and challenges disproportionately affected certain groups within U.S. society (e.g., Connor et al., 2020; Kantamneni, 2020; Mude et al., 2021).”
Lee, Y., & Lee, T.-J. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20424-w · Cited by 1
“For instance, older adults face heightened risks as a result of age-related health concerns [9, 10], while women endure disproportionate impacts as a result of caregiving responsibilities and systemic gender inequalities [11, 12].”
Chronic stress and post-traumatic stress in long COVID: a comparative survey study
Oehlke, S., Lozar, A., Goreis, A., Klinger, D., Plener, P. L., & Kothgassner, O. D. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07583-8 · Cited by 1
“…pandemic, females encountered increased caregiving burdens, heightened economic insecurity, and a greater risk of domestic violence, which has been suggested to disproportionately predispose them to negative mental health outcomes (Connor et al., 2020; Almeida et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2020).”
Ansiedade e recursos de enfrentamento entre mulheres em tempos de pandemia
da Silva, L. C. P., Penachiotti, F. D. F., da Rocha, R. J., Martins, L. S., & Milani, R. G. (2025) · Caderno Pedagógico · doi:10.54033/cadpedv22n7-331 · Cited by 1
Waltz, C. (2025) · Irish Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/07916035251342131 · Cited by 2
“On top of that, the gendered effects of the pandemic (Connor et al., 2020) compounded these experiences and brought them sharply to the forefront of daily life for most people involved in some type of reproductive justice activism or advocacy.”
The Violence Against Women During the COVID-19 Pandemics
Stoica, D. (2020) · Postmodernism Problems · doi:10.46324/pmp2003277 · Cited by 1
Guatimosim, R. F., Teles, A. L. S., Loureiro, F. F., Baldaçara, L., da Silva, A. G., de Miranda, D. M., & Malloy‐Diniz, L. F. (2021) · Debates em Psiquiatria · doi:10.25118/2763-9037.2021.v11.204
Ye, R., Wu, Y., Sun, C., Wang, Q., Mao, Y., Chang, W., & Zhou, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.756933 · Cited by 1
Stress, coping and resilience in times of COVID-19: an online psychological intervention for women
Gálvez, A. L. B., Ortiz, A. P., Lugo-González, I. V., Pérez-Bautista, Y. Y., Moreno, A. G. F., Medina-Jiménez, E. A., & Serrano, S. A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220223
Metadata
- Authors
- Connor, J., Madhavan, S., Mokashi, M., Amanuel, H., Johnson, N. R., Pace, L. E., & Bartz, D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, Jade
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 266
- Pages
- 113364
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7487147
- OpenAlex
- W3085791039
- Semantic Scholar
- 5f91593e262883768d4fad93c4f7e87d1b18ba14
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 16.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007753)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, gender differences in health, women's health, healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, mental health, health care access, health equity, economic impact of pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Intimate Partner Violence, Drug Development, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Health Status, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Caregivers, Workplace, Pregnant People, Racial Groups, Pandemics
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