The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 90 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review
Open accessAbstract
Background The Covid-19 pandemic is straining healthcare systems in the US and globally, which has wide-reaching implications for health. Women experience unique health risks and outcomes influenced by their gender, and this narrative review aims to outline how these differences are exacerbated in the Covid-19 pandemic. Observations It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2. This review analyzed the health, economic, and social systems that result in gender-based differences in the areas healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics. We assess data from previous disease outbreaks coupled with literature from the Covid-19 pandemic to examine the impact of gender on women’s SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease risks and overall health status during the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusions Gender differences in health risks and implications are likely to be expanded during the Covid-19 pandemic. Efforts to foster equity in health, social, and economic systems during and in the aftermath of Covid-19 may mitigate the inequitable risks posed by pandemics and other times of healthcare stress.
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In the paper
“Outside of the current pandemic, the US's poor obstetric and neonatal healthcare indicators are largely driven by worse rates of maternal morbidity and mortality within Black and Native populations (Petersen et al., 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Beyond the paid workforce, 65% of informal family caregivers in the US are women (Feinberg et al., 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feinberg et al., 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Women are concentrated in roles requiring the most close, prolonged contact with patients (Fig. 1) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These changes likely negatively impact maternal and neonatal outcomes (Elmir et al., 2010; Goodman et al., 2004).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“This study found no difference in death among pregnant and non-pregnant women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Initial reports indicate that women are at decreased risk of severe disease and death with SARS-CoV-2 infection than men (Purdie et al., 2020; Richardson et al., 2020).”
- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
“It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Purdie et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Richardson et al., 2020 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
In the paper
“Women compose the majority of the healthcare workforce; 76% of US healthcare workers are women (Fig. 1 ) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic is already exacerbating women's caregiver responsibilities with schools and childcare centers preventatively closed nationwide in the US (Graves, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graves, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pandemics limit access to the healthcare system, notably to preventative and reproductive healthcare.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Moreover, Black and Latinx, low-income, and immigrant women are all at greatest risk of being uninsured (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], 2016) and subsequently being unable to access healthcare should they become sick from their caregiving roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites KFF, 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
In the paper
“Reports from the CDC emphasize healthcare workers’ increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 given the close interaction with high concentrations of patients and visitors amidst shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) (CDC, 2020a).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020a
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In an effort to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection, pregnant people have had their autonomy limited during this pandemic, including visitor restrictions during labor (CDC, 2020b), forced separation of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers and infants (CDC, 2020b), and the potential for reduced options for anesthesia due to limited resources for respiratory support (Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinat”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020b
- Not checked yetcites Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite this potential increase in unintended pregnancies and financial strain of the pandemic's economic fall-out, some states are threating to halt abortion services (Ollstein, 2020), inaccurately denoting these procedures as elective and able to be delayed (Smith et al., 2018; Watson, 2018; Bayefsky et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the pandemic, women on average report more physical and mental unhealthy days per year than men despite utilizing more preventive care services (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this study was limited by missing data points among its participants including pregnancy status (missing for nearly 75% of participants) and medical comorbidities (missing in close to 80% of cases).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the healthcare workforce, women, particularly women of color and immigrants, constitute the majority of US domestic workers and caregivers that are paid outside of formal channels (Diaz-Ordaz, 2010). Although these workers play critical roles in the care of children, the sick, and the elderly, many legal protections afforded to formal caregivers (including health insurance, overtime pay”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diaz-Ordaz, 2010
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One-third of US women reported delays or cancellations in sexual and reproductive healthcare, with a higher proportion of reports from Black, Latinx, LGBTQIA, and low-income women. Women in these groups also report more concern about their ability to access sexual and reproductive healthcare services, particularly contraception (Lindberg et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindberg et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Ellington et al. (2020), pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at greater risk for severe illness when compared to non-pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2, including increased risk of hospitalization (aRR = 5.4, 95% CI 5.1–5.6), intensive care unit admission (aRR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) and mechanical ventilation (aRR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender is a social determinant of health, unique from but entangled with sex differences (Springer et al., 2012; Rich-Edwards et al., 2018)”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to their personal caregiving responsibilities, working women lose roughly $5000 annually in income from wage penalties and reduced hours (Van Houtven et al., 2013). Conversely, male informal caregivers do not experience any difference in income for these responsibilities (Van Houtven et al., 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Houtven et al., 2013 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Racial disparities in access to and utilization of healthcare services and provider and institutional bias contribute to these outcomes, all of which may worsen during the health system stress of pandemics (Moaddab et al., 2018; American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2015; Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moaddab et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites ACOG, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women also have worse outcomes for prevalent health conditions including asthma (CDC, 2013), diabetes (Roche and Wang, 2013), and myocardial infarctions (Mehta et al., 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Roche and Wang, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although PPE is often marketed as “unisex,” findings show that they are manufactured according to traditional male proportions (Trades Union Congress, 2017). This has led to some women wearing ill-fitting PPE, potentially compromising their degree of protection (Pugh, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Trades Union Congress, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Pugh, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, there have been increased cesarean section rates among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, which are often performed before term, increasing the risk of complications for both the mother and neonate (Della Gatta et al., 2020; Matar et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Della Gatta et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Matar et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With increased job loss due to the pandemic (Nicola et al., 2020), many women are forced to work part-time in multiple healthcare facilities without paid sick leave, thereby increasing their risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission to others (Pichler et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nicola et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Pichler et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, it is likely that women are experiencing more caregiver burden during the pandemic while being isolated from the social supports needed to reduce this burden.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the decreased desire to become pregnant, women have experienced logistical and political threats to contraception and abortion access during the Covid-19 pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of disease outbreaks, female caregivers are more likely to experience a specific stress termed “caregiver burden,” the multidimensional toll that caregivers experience to their social, emotional, spiritual, financial, and physical wellbeing (Adelman et al., 2014). Perceived lack of agency in choosing the role, financial stress, and social isolation are associated with higher caregiver”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Abstract > Observations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More broadly, differences in screening, testing, and indications for hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 among pregnant and non-pregnant people may cloud the reported conclusions, and it is unclear if the increased risks seen among pregnant people are from obstetric or SARS-CoV-2 related complications (Ellington et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A multinational survey found that women without social support are more vulnerable to negative mental health outcomes than men without social connections, due to women's greater reliance on social support (Dalgard et al., 2006).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dalgard et al., 2006 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incidents of IPV and gender-based violence (GBV) increased globally during the Ebola (2014) and Zika (2016) outbreaks (Davies and Bennett, 2016) and are escalating during Covid-19 (North, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
- Not checked yetcites North, 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beyond its direct implications for physical and mental health, IPV is a social determinant of health and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality for co-occurring diseases (Miller and Mccaw, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Mccaw, 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic also presents a perfect storm for female informal caregivers to experience increased burden, as mentioned above, which has demonstrated negative outcomes such as poor self-care, depression, and anxiety (Adelman et al., 2014).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This, coupled with the mental and economic strains of the pandemic, is likely initiating and exacerbating IPV and GBV (Van Gelder et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Gelder et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These issues will both contribute to the development of mental health disorders and limit access to mental health resources for women during and after the pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous work suggests that gendered differences in mental health disorders outside of the disease outbreaks exist largely due to structurally imposed strains on women (Afifi, 2007), with disproportionate impacts on Black, Latinx, Native, and immigrant populations, partially due to discrimination (American Psychiatric Association, 2007; Greenwood et al., 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Afifi, 2007
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Greenwood et al., 2017 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite greater utilization of mental health resources, women in the US are twice as likely to have unmet needs for mental health services as men, often because of inadequate insurance coverage and stigma associated with seeking care (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the challenges in access to family planning in a pandemic, medication abortion facilitated by telemedicine is prohibited in eighteen US states (Guttmacher Institute, 2020). Even if pregnant people obtain prescriptions for medication abortions, mifepristone—one of the drugs used—is subject to Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) restrictions (Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017). The”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guttmacher Institute, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued restrictions on abortion will inevitably increase the number of pregnant people needing obstetric care during and in the aftermath of this pandemic, burdening an already under-resourced healthcare system.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women are underrepresented in drug development trials; many researchers fail to design studies with adequate samples of women, and even fewer analyze results according to gender and sex (Liu and Mager, 2016; Nowogrodzki, 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu and Mager, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Nowogrodzki, 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these circumstances represent dangerous, often tragic, public health emergencies that disproportionately affect women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these risk factors can affect the mental health of all populations during the Covid-19 pandemic, there is likely a differential impact on women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender roles tend to be reinforced during times of disease outbreak (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016). This likely increases feelings of stress, dissatisfaction, and lack of autonomy among women as they try to reconcile their self-identity with their imposed roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic will have immediate and long-term effects on women's health, highlighting the importance of gender analysis in its planning and response.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender blindness leads to health interventions that may be less effective for women at best and directly harmful to their wellbeing at worst—outcomes demonstrated in previous disease outbreaks (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the current body of knowledge overwhelmingly focuses on differences among genders that are detrimental to women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During disease outbreaks, “gender blindness”—the systemic failure to acknowledge gender differences in health—pervades and hinders response efforts (Smith, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may be aspects of women's experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic and other disease outbreaks that are beneficial to women's health, but our discussion of those topics is limited by the negativity bias of reporting in the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the literature cited here regarding gender and disease outbreaks come from the SARS, Ebola, and Zika outbreaks.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we recognize that gender is often framed through a lens of ethnocentrism, classism, and heteronormativity, which limits our description of the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Health inequities are compounded in women who have intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status, immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.
“These health inequities are compounded in women with intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status (SES), immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural geographic location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The societal effects of the Covid-19 pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.
“Much as the SARS-CoV-2 virus confers disproportionate morbidity to individuals on the periphery of health—the elderly and those with chronic medical conditions—the societal effects of the pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.”
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“For migrant women with young children, especially single mothers, the risk for mental health issues, including depression, is high due to the accumulation of risk factors (e.g., caregiving roles, economic insecurity) (44, 46).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our results, as well as the emerging literature on the COVID-19 pandemic' impacts on wellbeing and mental health, highlight the vulnerability and the potential severe and long-term effects that the pandemic may have for certain groups (21, 44, 45).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Citations
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Acute Myocardial Infarction in Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Ollstein, 2020, Judges block 3 states from enforcing abortion bans pegged to pandemic, Politico
- Purdie, 2020, Sex, gender and COVID-19: disaggregated data and health disparities, BMJ Global Health Blog
- Rasmussen, 2019, Ebola vaccine for pregnant women: one step closer but more to go, STAT
- Townsend, 2020, Revealed: surge in domestic violence during Covid-19 crisis, Observer
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 554
Zaldo-Aubanell, Q., López, F. C. I., Bach, A., Serra, I., Olivet-Vila, J., Sáez, M., Pino, D., & Maneja, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073768 · Cited by 19
“Chronic medical conditions have been linked to disproportionate morbidity due to SARS-CoV-2 virus [58].”
Leisure and COVID-19: reflections on Brazilian older adults who frequent urban public parks
Tavares, L. M., & Marinho, A. (2021) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/16078055.2021.1957010 · Cited by 18
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, women may be disproportionately affected, as they predominantly exercise the role of caregiver, among other factors (Connor et al., 2020).”
Aznar, M. P. M., del Pino, M. J., Pérez, J. M. B., & Hernández-Lorenzo, D. E. (2022) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-022-10140-1 · Cited by 18
“In addition to entailing an increase in gender differences in health risks (Connor et al., 2020), they may also increase other gender inequalities.”
Napoli, G. (2021) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2021.11.002 · Cited by 19
Impact of COVID-19 symptoms on social aspects of life among female long haulers: A qualitative studyPreprint
Aghaei, A., Zhang, R., Taylor, S., Tam, C.-C., Yang, C., Li, X., & Qiao, S. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1285284/v1 · Cited by 18
Jacquet, A. D. R., Bogard, S., Normandeau, C. P., Degroot, C., Postuma, R. B., Dupré, N., Miyasaki, J. M., Monchi, O., Martino, D., Fon, E. A., et al. (2021) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.08.018 · Cited by 17
Women's Mental Health and Lessons Learnt from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Thibaut, F., & ElNahas, G. M. (2023) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2023.04.001 · Cited by 17
“It is also of upmost importance to note that the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with major disruptions in access to essential health services including family planning, mental health services, and perinatal health services.(19) Furthermore, the notable”
Mental health in Germany before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
Patzina, A., Collischon, M., Hoffmann, R., & Obrizan, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313689 · Cited by 17
Hippocampal-Prefrontal Connectivity Prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic Predicts Stress Reactivity
Perica, M. I., Ravindranath, O., Calabro, F. J., Foran, W., & Luna, B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.06.010 · Cited by 17
“Greater distress in females could be related to a number of factors, such as increased child care burden, as well as the significantly higher number of women in health care and other fields heavily affected by the pandemic, such as the service industry (66,67).”
Sudhinaraset, M., Landrian, A. S., Mboya, J., & Golub, G. M. (2022) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.14142 · Cited by 16
Experiences of At-Risk Women in Accessing Breastfeeding Social Support During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Siwik, E., Larose, S. L., Peres, D., Jackson, K. T., Burke, S. M., & Mantler, T. (2022) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/08903344221091808 · Cited by 18
“Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic initially shuttered many formalized breastfeeding social support services such as clinic appointments and breastfeeding social support groups (Connor et al., 2020; Gribble et al., 2020; Pérez-Escamilla et al., 2020).”
Farsi, F., Zonooz, S. R., Ebrahimi, Z., Jebraili, H., Morvaridi, M., Azimi, T., Sikaroudi, M. K., Heshmati, J., Khorrami, S., Mokhtare, M., et al. (2022) · The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.5152/tjg.2022.21651 · Cited by 16
Conway, L. G., Woodard, S. R., Zubrod, A., Tiburcio, M., Martínez-Vélez, N. A., Sorgente, A., Lanz, M., Serido, J., Vosylis, R., Fonseca, G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937211 · Cited by 16
“All the questions and scales (many of which were adapted from prior work; Conway et al., 2017b; Conway and Repke, 2019) can be found in Supplementary material.”
Peccoralo, L. A., Pietrzak, R. H., Tong, M., Kaplan, S., Feingold, J. H., Feder, A., Chan, C., Verity, J., Charney, D. S., & Ripp, J. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002790 · Cited by 18
Cockburn, J., Tan, C. Y., Poh, D. C. S. C., Tan, D. J., Foong, C. C., & Hong, W. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00759-y · Cited by 16
“Globally, women have been disproportionately burdened with these responsibilities during the pandemic, which has attributed to different emotional responses of the genders in general and in learner groups [62, 64, 65].”
Waterink, L., Bakker, E. D., Visser, L. N. C., Mangialasche, F., Kivipelto, M., Deckers, K., Köhler, S., Sikkes, S. A. M., Prins, N. D., Scheltens, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.877460 · Cited by 16
Resilience resources and coping strategies of COVID-19 female long haulers: A qualitative study
Aghaei, A., Aggarwal, A., Zhang, R., Li, X., & Qiao, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.970378 · Cited by 16
Lillie, H. M., & Sánchez, V. S. (2022) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2022.2153290 · Cited by 18
“Women are disproportionately more likely to take on caregiver roles both for children and for sick family members (Connor et al., 2020), resulting in greater lost work hours and potential exposure to COVID-19 (Morgan et al., 2021).”
The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Mental Well-Being and Working Life among Faroese Employees
Davidsen, A. H., & Petersen, M. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094775 · Cited by 15
“We found that more women than men had worries because of COVID19, which is consistent with some of the previous research [19,21,42].”
Marinaci, T., Venuleo, C., & Savarese, G. (2021) · Human Arenas · doi:10.1007/s42087-021-00232-z · Cited by 14
“Previous studies on general samples suggest that women differed from men in the daily challenges imposed by the pandemic crisis (Hutt, 2020) and that they suffered the impact of the crisis on their well-being more than men (Connor et al., 2020).”
Gattino, S., Rizzo, M., Gatti, F., Compare, C., Procentese, F., Guarino, A., Napoli, I. D., Barbieri, I., Fedi, A., Aresi, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22780 · Cited by 15
COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Gender Identity on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Canada
Chima, C., Shalaby, R., Lawal, M. A., Vuong, W., Hrabok, M., Gusnowski, A., Surood, S., Greenshaw, A. J., Wells, K., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2022) · Trauma Care · doi:10.3390/traumacare2010002 · Cited by 20
“Cisgender women may experience more role strain due to adopting multiple roles [47].”
Silver, J. K., Mina, D. S., Bates, A. S., Gillis, C., Silver, E. M., Hunter, T. L., & Jack, S. (2022) · Current anesthesiology reports · doi:10.1007/s40140-022-00520-6 · Cited by 16
Tobin, E. T., Hadwiger, A. N., DiChiara, A., Entz, A., & Miller-Matero, L. R. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01334-2 · Cited by 15
“Like other studies examining utilization of telehealth during COVID-19 for primary care services, our results highlight disparities in telehealth use among different types of patients for integrated psychological services [5, 9, 18, 19, 21, 24].”
Grieger, J. A., Habibi, N., O'Reilly, S. L., Harrison, C. L., Moran, L., Vo, H., Sabir, S., Enticott, J., Teede, H. J., & Lim, S. S. (2022) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111794 · Cited by 17
“A recurring finding in cross-sectional studies is that women are most greatly affected physically and psychologically by the COVID19 pandemic compared with men [9,10].”
Bastain, T. M., Knapp, E. A., Law, A., Algermissen, M., Avalos, L. A., Birnhak, Z., Blackwell, C. K., Breton, C. V., Duarte, C. S., Frazier, J. A., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47330 · Cited by 15
Ghassabian, A., Jacobson, M. H., Kahn, L. G., Brubaker, S. G., Mehta‐Lee, S. S., & Trasande, L. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604497 · Cited by 14
Hahm, H. C., Hsu, K. C., Hyun, S., Kane, K., & Liu, C. H. (2022) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2022.09.002 · Cited by 14
“Additionally, women have endured more severe stress owing to health and childcare issues (Connor et al., 2020).”
Franco, K., Patler, C. C., & Pirtle, W. N. L. (2023) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465231199734 · Cited by 14
“Connor et al. (2020) described how “women disproportionately shoulder factors (e.g., social isolation, caregiving roles, resource insecurity) demonstrated in past pandemics to increase the risk of mental health disorders.””
Problem gambling during Covid-19
Frisone, F., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2457 · Cited by 30
Ontario adults’ health behaviors, mental health, and overall well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Shillington, K. J., Vanderloo, L. M., Burke, S. M., Ng, V., Tucker, P., & Irwin, J. D. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11732-6 · Cited by 15
Wyckoff, K., Narasimhan, S., Stephenson, K., Zeidan, A. J., Smith, R. N., & Evans, D. P. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15137-5 · Cited by 14
“These findings bolster prior research establishing unequal caregiving burdens placed on women during the pandemic [46, 47].”
Opinion Review of Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-2019 on Women's Health
Salami, V. U., Okoduwa, S. I. R., Chris, A. O., Ayilara, S. I., & Okoduwa, U. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.647421 · Cited by 14
“This observed susceptibility in pregnant women is probably partly due to exposure risk from clinical settings and practices as well as the physiological changes that occur in pregnancy (11).”
InfluentialLa Atención a las Necesidades en Salud Mental de los Profesionales Sanitarios durante la COVID-19
Forner-Puntonet, M., Kinori, S. G. F., Beneria, A., Delgado-Arroyo, M., Perea-Ortueta, M., Closa-Castells, M. H., Estelrich-Costa, M. D. L. N., Daigre, C., Valverde-Collazo, M. F., Bassas-Bolibar, N., et al. (2021) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2021a13 · Cited by 40
“123La Atención a las Necesidades en Salud Mental de los Profesionales Sanitarios durante la COVID-19 ARTICLE IN PRESS traumáticos (Dai et al., 2016; Kaniasty, 2012).”
Fernández‐Martínez, N. F., Ortiz-González-Serna, R., Serrano-Ortiz, Á., Rivera‐Izquierdo, M., Ruiz-Montero, R., Pérez-Contreras, M., de Alba, I. G.-F., Romero-Duarte, Á., & Salcedo-Leal, I. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179018 · Cited by 13
Jelinek, L., Voderholzer, U., Moritz, S., Carsten, H. P., Riesel, A., & Miegel, F. S. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102493 · Cited by 13
Malagón-Rojas, J., Mercado, M., Toloza-Pérez, Y. G., Parra-Barrera, E. L., Palma, M., Muñoz, E., López, R., Almentero, J., Rubio, V. V., Ibáñez, E., et al. (2021) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2021-107487 · Cited by 13
“33 Also, women are Workplace concentrated in roles requiring the closest, prolonged contact with patients.”
Ade-Ojo, I. P., Dada, M. U., & Adeyanju, T. B. (2022) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s362225 · Cited by 13
“Shreds of evidence have supported that COVID-19 affects pregnant women and those who have co-morbidities disproportionately.(7,8) Although Human”
Outdoor Activity Associated with Higher Self-Reported Emotional Well-Being During COVID-19
Fernandez, M. P., Ernst, K. C., Bron, G. M., Berry, K., Diuk‐Wasser, M. A., & Hayden, M. H. (2022) · EcoHealth · doi:10.1007/s10393-022-01598-4 · Cited by 13
“The emotional disproportionate burden of COVID-19 on women compared with men has been widely reported, and it is also represented here (Guadagni et al. 2020; Connor et al. 2020; Zamarro and Prados 2021).”
Sifri, R. J., McLoughlin, E. A., Fors, B. P., & Salehi, S. (2022) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00412 · Cited by 13
Raj, A., Chatterji, S., Johns, N. E., Yore, J. B., Dey, A., & Williams, D. R. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115620 · Cited by 12
“), these mental health consequences are occurring in tandem with an increase in violence, with some indication that these disproportionately affected women and racial/ethnic minorities (Connor et al., 2020; FBI, 2021, June 2021; GEH, May 13, 2021).”
Lee, J., Park, S., Jang, S., Reyes, K. A., Garcia, F. B., Canila, C. C., Oraño, J. V., Ballesteros, A. J., Muhartini, T., Frans, S. O., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18949-1 · Cited by 21
“Despite the gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health, public health research and policy development that consider gender differences are limited [23].”
Trends in maternal mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic–evidence from Zambia
Falgas‐Bagué, I., Tembo, T., Kaiser, J. L., Hamer, D. H., Scott, N., Ngoma, T., Paul, R., Juntunen, A., Rockers, P. C., & Fink, G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281091 · Cited by 13
“Further, in sub-Saharan Africa, underlying contextual factors have been found to aggravate the risk of symptoms of depression and anxiety among women [11,26].”
Grandi, A., Sist, L., Martoni, M., & Colombo, L. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132011321 · Cited by 12
Armoede en sociale uitsluiting - jaarboek 2021
Marchal, S., Raeymaeckers, P., Remmen, R., & Vandenhole, W. (2021) · doi:10.46944/9789461172501 · Cited by 12
Costa, A. D., Fernandes, A., Ferreira, S., Couto, B., Machado-Sousa, M., Moreira, P. S., Morgado, P. F., & Picó‐Pérez, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042243 · Cited by 12
“In fact, when considering gender, Connor and colleagues [37] highlighted the additional burden that may be associated with being female in the current pandemic.”
On the Margins: Exploring Minority News Media Representations of Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Beazer, A., Walter, S., Eldridge, S. A., & Palicki, S.-K. (2023) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2023.2206039 · Cited by 15
“…the most negatively impacted due to multiple factors, including healthcare access, discrimination in healthcare settings, occupational status, increased vulnerability to domestic violence and disad-vantaged status within households (Connor et al. 2020; Laster Pirtle and Wright 2021; Crenshaw 2020).”
Responding to structural inequities: Coping strategies among immigrant women during COVID-19
Abularrage, T. F., Wurtz, H. M., & Samari, G. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100293 · Cited by 13
“…burdens related to social isolation, caregiving, and resource constraints, as they were increasingly called upon to care for and support their children, extended families in their countries of origin, and their communities (Bruhn, 2022; Connor et al., 2020; Laster Pirtle and Wright, 2021).”
Does the welfare regime impact the telework gender stress gap?
Klarsfeld, A., Carillo, K., Cachat‐Rosset, G., Saba, T., & Marsan, J. (2024) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12287 · Cited by 11
The association between BIS/BAS and fear of COVID-19 infection among women
Oniszczenko, W. (2021) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.106139 · Cited by 11
Hoffmann, A. O. I., Plotkina, D., Broihanne, M., Göritz, A. S., & Kleimeier, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276077 · Cited by 12
Dol, J., Hughes, B., Aston, M. L., McMillan, D., Murphy, G. T., & Campbell-Yeo, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12843 · Cited by 11
Braun, T. D., Green, Z., Meshesha, L. Z., Sillice, M. A., Read, J. P., & Abrantes, A. M. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107562 · Cited by 11
The Impact of COVID-19 on Radiotherapy Services in Scotland, UK: A Population-based Study
Grocutt, L., Rutherford, A., Caldwell, D., Wilkinson, C., Chalmers, A. J., Dempsey, L., Kelly, C., & O'Cathail, S. M. (2022) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2022.11.018 · Cited by 11
“Although early reports revealed that more men died as a result of COVID-19 [16], studies have shown that women were more indirectly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic [17].”
Revisiting “big questions” of public administration after COVID-19: a systematic review
Lewis-Liu, T., Wightman, G. B., Lee, E., & Hunter, J. (2021) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/23276665.2021.1947862 · Cited by 11
Schmahl, C. A. M., & Nguyen, J. (2022) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968221094747 · Cited by 15
“First, women in this study were more likely than men to experience pandemicrelated stress, likely due to a multitude of increased risks and health disparities that impacted women early in the pandemic and that continue to this day (Connor et al., 2020).”
de Vargas, D., Ramírez, É. G. L., Pereira, C. F., Volpato, R. J., & de Oliveira, S. R. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00785-2 · Cited by 10
“Additionally, there is evidence of a high percentage of women engaging in harmful alcohol use (Barbosa et al., 2021; Kar et al., 2021) along with a high incidence of anxiety and depression in women during the COVID-19 pandemic (Connor et al., 2020; Thibaut & van Wijngaarden-Cremers, 2020).”
Building a Bioarchaeology of Pandemic, Epidemic, and Syndemic Diseases
Schug, G. R., & Halcrow, S. E. (2022) · Bioarchaeology International · doi:10.5744/bi.2022.6000 · Cited by 12
The Health Impacts and Life Challenges Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hong Kong Chinese Women
Hung, M. S. Y., Chan, L. C. K., & Liu, S. P. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095115 · Cited by 10
“A recent review identified the considerable risk of specific adverse health outcomes negatively affecting women’s health during the COVID-19 pandemic [7].”
Panno, A., Theodorou, A., Massullo, C., Bratman, G. N., Imperatori, C., Carbone, G. A., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2022.2083622 · Cited by 11
“First, women may have been more affected than men by social distancing measures associated with the pandemic (Connor et al., 2020).”
Loleka, B. Y., & Ogawa, K. (2022) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01299 · Cited by 11
“[6] on gender roles and their impact on the exposure of women to COVID-19 and the disease risks in Africa.”
Lakhani, A., Dema, S., Hose, J., Erdem, N., Wollersheim, D., Grimbeek, P. M., & Charlifue, S. W. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13958 · Cited by 10
“Access to health services was adversely impacted during COVID- 19 restrictions and the hypothesis (informed by Connor et al., 2020; Dalise et al., 2021; Okonkwo et al., 2021; Okoro et al., 2021) was upheld.”
Estebanez‐Pérez, M., Martín‐Valero, R., Viñolo-Gil, M. J., & Pastora‐Bernal, J. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11131970 · Cited by 10
Rafraf, M., Molani‐Gol, R., & Sahebjam, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1185681 · Cited by 10
Understanding women's risk for suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic: A call to action
Monteith, L. L., Holliday, R. P., & Hoffmire, C. A. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113621 · Cited by 10
Hardy, L. J., Mana, A., Mundell, L., Benheim, S., Morales, K. J. T., & Sagy, S. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22544 · Cited by 9
“There are current calls for evaluation of the impact of gender on health outcomes based on prior pandemics as well as early evidence of differences in outcomes (Connor et al., 2020; Wenham et al., 2020).”
InfluentialLange, A. M. C., Delsing, M. J. M. H., van Geffen, M., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2021) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-021-09644-y · Cited by 13
A method for measuring women climate vulnerability: a case study in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta
M., Q. N. (2022) · International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management · doi:10.1108/ijccsm-05-2021-0047 · Cited by 10
Gómez–Restrepo, C., Cepeda, M., Torrey, W. C., Suárez‐Obando, F., Uribe-Restrepo, J. M., Park, S., Acosta, M. P. J., Martínez‐Camblor, P., Castro, S., Aguilera-Cruz, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.896318 · Cited by 10
Ju, B., Dai, H. M., & Sandel, T. L. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231160480 · Cited by 13
“…and the gendered role of caregivers, women were found to suffer more loss in economic outcomes, exacerbated stress in mental health, reduced academic productivity, and increased exposure risk of being affected during the pandemic (Connor et al., 2020; Dang & Nguyen, 2021; Gabster et al., 2020).”
Sieverding, M., Krafft, C., Selwaness, I. N., & Nassif, A. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286405 · Cited by 10
#DomesticViolence During the COVID-19 Global Pandemic: An Analysis of Public Commentary via Twitter
López, G., Bogen, K. W., Lopez, R. J. M., Nugent, N. R., & Orchowski, L. M. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221115024 · Cited by 9
“Whereas other studies report comparable rates of IPV prior to the pandemic and during the pandemic,(21,22) experts also raise concern that limitation in movement during the pandemic would result in difficulties linking victims of IPV with support services.(23,24) For example, Lindberg et al.”
Oviedo, D. C., Tratner, A. E., Pinzón, M. S., Rodríguez-Araña, S., Pauli-Quirós, E., Chavarría, C., Rodríguez, C. P., & Britton, G. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1235935 · Cited by 11
Kuria, S., Karanja, S., Mubita, B., Kapsandui, T., Kutna, J., Anyona, D., Murerwa, J. M., & Ferguson, L. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002740 · Cited by 9
Kaur, A., Lall, G., Abhilashi, M. K., Naithani, L., Verma, M., Roy, R., Juneja, M., Gulati, S., Taylor, C., Leadbitter, K., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1294538 · Cited by 12
de Santis, L., Noronha, A. P. P., Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02957-1 · Cited by 9
“The fact that the pandemic had a stronger impact on this imbalance for mothers than for fathers (Connor et al., 2020; Mooi-Reci & Risman, 2021), shifted the results in favor of fathers, who we had in fact thought were more sensitive than mothers to parental stress factors.”
Lahiri, A., & Jha, S. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.772270 · Cited by 9
Fazia, T., Bubbico, F., Nova, A., Riggi, E., Caimi, G., Calgan, B., Salvato, G., Bruno, S., Bottini, G., & Bernardinelli, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914183 · Cited by 9
“Detrimental effects have been reported to be more pronounced for women, which reported more severe depression, distress symptoms (Coleman, 2020; Connor et al., 2020; Duncan, 2020; Lai et al., 2020; Vloo et al., 2021), and higher state and trait anxiety levels (Karasu et al.”
COVID-19 and Gender Differences in Social Trust: Causal Evidence from the First Wave of the Pandemic
Collischon, M., & Patzina, A. (2022) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231221117910 · Cited by 9
“Research suggests that females have higher COVID-19 infection risks, which might be explained by occupational segregation in labor markets (Connor et al. 2020).”
Xie, E. B., Simpson, K. M., Reynolds, K., Giuliano, R. J., Protudjer, J. L. P., Söderström, M., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Giesbrecht, G. F., Lebel, C. A., MacKinnon, A., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06512-5 · Cited by 10
“The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionally impacted individuals who identify as female, particularly if they are caregivers [5, 6].”
Mitchell, B. J., Gawlik, E. A., Baugher, B. J., George, R. L., MUAKKASSA, F. F., Mallat, A. F., Gunstad, J., Delahanty, D. L., & Coifman, K. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061621 · Cited by 10
“For example, there is clear evidence of sex differences in adjustment, potentially due to differences in parenting roles and the burden of remote schooling on mothers in particular (Connor et al., 2020).”
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Women’s Health in Brazil
dos Santos, L., Stevanato, K. P., Roszkowski, I., Pedroso, R. B., Pelloso, F. C., de Freitas, K. M. S., Carvalho, M. D. D. B., & Pelloso, S. M. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 9
Xue, Y., Saeed, S. A., Liang, H., Jones, K., & Muppavarapu, K. S. (2022) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2021.0549 · Cited by 9
“28 Other than this, male and female patients have similar declining demand before COVID-19 and growing demand after COVID-19 for telepsychiatry services.”
Shadyab, A. H., Larson, J. C., Rapp, S. R., Shumaker, S. A., Kroenke, C. H., Meliker, J. R., Saquib, N., Ikramuddin, F. S., Michael, Y. L., Goveas, J. S., et al. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac053 · Cited by 8
“Relative to men, women have reported greater stress and poorer mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic (13).”
Ward, P., Foley, K. M., Meyer, S. B., Thomas, J. A., Huppatz, E., Olver, I., Miller, E. R., & Lunnay, B. (2022) · Critical studies in risk and uncertainty · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95167-2_7 · Cited by 9
Cancer Care Access in Chile’s Vulnerable Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cuadrado, C., Vidal, F., Pacheco, J., & Flores‐Alvarado, S. (2022) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2021.306587 · Cited by 13
Iverson, K. M., Dardis, C. M., Cowlishaw, S., Webermann, A. R., Shayani, D. R., Dichter, M. E., Mitchell, K. S., Mattocks, K. M., Gerber, M. R., & Portnoy, G. A. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07589-z · Cited by 9
“Funding The larger study was supported, in part, by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Health Services Research and Development (HSR&D) Services as part of Dr. Iverson’s HSR&D Career Development Award (10-029), Investigator Initiated Award (16-062), and a Presidential Early Career Awar…”
Health Inequalities: What do we know and what do we need to know?
Ólafsdóttir, S., & Beckfield, J. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113575 · Cited by 9
The impact of COVID-19 on acute psychiatric admissions for first and repeated episode psychosis
Kelbrick, M., da Silva, K. M., Griffiths, C., Ansari, S., Paduret, G., Tanner, J., Mann, N., & Johnson, S. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231188031 · Cited by 8
“…impact of pandemic-related stressors on females, with females associated with higher self-reported stress, anxiety and depression symptoms, and more severe impact of psychological stress, as well as increased ‘care-giver burden’ (Almeida et al., 2020; Connor et al., 2020; Power, 2020).”
Hao, X.-Y., Guo, Y.-X., Lou, J., Cao, J., Liu, M., Mi, T., Li, A., You, S., Cao, F.-Y., Liu, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.09.025 · Cited by 8
Wernette, G. T., Countryman, K., Mmeje, O. O., Ngo, Q., & Zlotnick, C. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30367 · Cited by 8
“Women have reported experiencing more severe stress than men resulting in greater health impact, and pregnant women have reported more health-related worry and high levels of anxiety directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic [3,4].”
Cameron, E. C., Hemingway, S. L., Ray, J. M., Cunningham, F. J., & Jacquin, K. M. (2021) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1027/2157-3891/a000019 · Cited by 8
Self-Reported Anxiety in Spain: A Gendered Approach One Year After the Start of COVID-19 Pandemic
Jacques‐Aviñó, C., López‐Jiménez, T., Bennett, M., Medina‐Perucha, L., León-Gómez, B. B., & Berenguera, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.873891 · Cited by 8
Policy Evaluation in the Era of COVID-19
Eliadis, P., Naidoo, I. A., & Rist, R. C. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003376316 · Cited by 8
Diop, N., Kamal, M., Renaud, M. C., & Naffa, S. (2021) · Family Medicine and Community Health · doi:10.1136/fmch-2021-001150 · Cited by 8
Devlin, S. A., Johnson, A. K., McNulty, M., Joseph, O. L., Hall, A., & Ridgway, J. P. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01812-z · Cited by 8
“During the pandemic, women have experienced a higher degree of multifactorial stress when compared to men [25].”
Suzuki, K., Hekmatikar, A. H. A., Jalalian, S., Abbasi, S., Ahmadi, E., Kazemi, A., Ruhee, R. T., & Khoramipour, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315645 · Cited by 8
van Doren, T. P. (2023) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.24033 · Cited by 7
“…pandemic that there were substantial systemic and social factors that increased health risks for women, particularly those related to caregiving roles that increased risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, restricted access to female reproductive care, and multifactorial stress (e.g., Connor et al., 2020).”
Tufail, A., Mustafa, R., Munaver, S. A., & Nawaz, B. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.38.5.4606 · Cited by 10
Effects of the pandemic on women’s reproductive health protective attitudes: a Turkish sample
Şenol, D. K., & Polat, F. (2022) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-022-01412-y · Cited by 7
“Although women benefit from more healthcare services at times other than pandemics, they experience more physical and mental problems on average every year compared to men [7].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Connor, J., Madhavan, S., Mokashi, M., Amanuel, H., Johnson, N. R., Pace, L. E., & Bartz, D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, Jade
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 266
- Pages
- 113364
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7487147
- OpenAlex
- W3085791039
- Semantic Scholar
- 5f91593e262883768d4fad93c4f7e87d1b18ba14
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 16.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007753)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, gender differences in health, women's health, healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, mental health, health care access, health equity, economic impact of pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Intimate Partner Violence, Drug Development, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Health Status, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Caregivers, Workplace, Pregnant People, Racial Groups, Pandemics
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