The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 90 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review
Open accessAbstract
Background The Covid-19 pandemic is straining healthcare systems in the US and globally, which has wide-reaching implications for health. Women experience unique health risks and outcomes influenced by their gender, and this narrative review aims to outline how these differences are exacerbated in the Covid-19 pandemic. Observations It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2. This review analyzed the health, economic, and social systems that result in gender-based differences in the areas healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics. We assess data from previous disease outbreaks coupled with literature from the Covid-19 pandemic to examine the impact of gender on women’s SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease risks and overall health status during the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusions Gender differences in health risks and implications are likely to be expanded during the Covid-19 pandemic. Efforts to foster equity in health, social, and economic systems during and in the aftermath of Covid-19 may mitigate the inequitable risks posed by pandemics and other times of healthcare stress.
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In the paper
“Outside of the current pandemic, the US's poor obstetric and neonatal healthcare indicators are largely driven by worse rates of maternal morbidity and mortality within Black and Native populations (Petersen et al., 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Petersen et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Beyond the paid workforce, 65% of informal family caregivers in the US are women (Feinberg et al., 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feinberg et al., 2011
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Women are concentrated in roles requiring the most close, prolonged contact with patients (Fig. 1) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These changes likely negatively impact maternal and neonatal outcomes (Elmir et al., 2010; Goodman et al., 2004).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“This study found no difference in death among pregnant and non-pregnant women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Initial reports indicate that women are at decreased risk of severe disease and death with SARS-CoV-2 infection than men (Purdie et al., 2020; Richardson et al., 2020).”
- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
“It has been well described that men suffer from greater morbidity and mortality once infected with SARS-CoV-2.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Purdie et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Richardson et al., 2020 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Observations · boosted
In the paper
“Women compose the majority of the healthcare workforce; 76% of US healthcare workers are women (Fig. 1 ) (US Census Bureau, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Census Bureau, 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic is already exacerbating women's caregiver responsibilities with schools and childcare centers preventatively closed nationwide in the US (Graves, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graves, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pandemics limit access to the healthcare system, notably to preventative and reproductive healthcare.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Moreover, Black and Latinx, low-income, and immigrant women are all at greatest risk of being uninsured (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], 2016) and subsequently being unable to access healthcare should they become sick from their caregiving roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites KFF, 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
In the paper
“Reports from the CDC emphasize healthcare workers’ increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 given the close interaction with high concentrations of patients and visitors amidst shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) (CDC, 2020a).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020a
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In an effort to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection, pregnant people have had their autonomy limited during this pandemic, including visitor restrictions during labor (CDC, 2020b), forced separation of SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers and infants (CDC, 2020b), and the potential for reduced options for anesthesia due to limited resources for respiratory support (Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinat”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2020b
- Not checked yetcites Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite this potential increase in unintended pregnancies and financial strain of the pandemic's economic fall-out, some states are threating to halt abortion services (Ollstein, 2020), inaccurately denoting these procedures as elective and able to be delayed (Smith et al., 2018; Watson, 2018; Bayefsky et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the pandemic, women on average report more physical and mental unhealthy days per year than men despite utilizing more preventive care services (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this study was limited by missing data points among its participants including pregnancy status (missing for nearly 75% of participants) and medical comorbidities (missing in close to 80% of cases).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of the healthcare workforce, women, particularly women of color and immigrants, constitute the majority of US domestic workers and caregivers that are paid outside of formal channels (Diaz-Ordaz, 2010). Although these workers play critical roles in the care of children, the sick, and the elderly, many legal protections afforded to formal caregivers (including health insurance, overtime pay”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diaz-Ordaz, 2010
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One-third of US women reported delays or cancellations in sexual and reproductive healthcare, with a higher proportion of reports from Black, Latinx, LGBTQIA, and low-income women. Women in these groups also report more concern about their ability to access sexual and reproductive healthcare services, particularly contraception (Lindberg et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindberg et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to Ellington et al. (2020), pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at greater risk for severe illness when compared to non-pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2, including increased risk of hospitalization (aRR = 5.4, 95% CI 5.1–5.6), intensive care unit admission (aRR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) and mechanical ventilation (aRR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender is a social determinant of health, unique from but entangled with sex differences (Springer et al., 2012; Rich-Edwards et al., 2018)”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to their personal caregiving responsibilities, working women lose roughly $5000 annually in income from wage penalties and reduced hours (Van Houtven et al., 2013). Conversely, male informal caregivers do not experience any difference in income for these responsibilities (Van Houtven et al., 2013).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Houtven et al., 2013 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Racial disparities in access to and utilization of healthcare services and provider and institutional bias contribute to these outcomes, all of which may worsen during the health system stress of pandemics (Moaddab et al., 2018; American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2015; Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moaddab et al., 2018 source
- Not checked yetcites ACOG, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Rosenthal and Lobel, 2011
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women also have worse outcomes for prevalent health conditions including asthma (CDC, 2013), diabetes (Roche and Wang, 2013), and myocardial infarctions (Mehta et al., 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CDC, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Roche and Wang, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although PPE is often marketed as “unisex,” findings show that they are manufactured according to traditional male proportions (Trades Union Congress, 2017). This has led to some women wearing ill-fitting PPE, potentially compromising their degree of protection (Pugh, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Trades Union Congress, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Pugh, 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, there have been increased cesarean section rates among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, which are often performed before term, increasing the risk of complications for both the mother and neonate (Della Gatta et al., 2020; Matar et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Della Gatta et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Matar et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With increased job loss due to the pandemic (Nicola et al., 2020), many women are forced to work part-time in multiple healthcare facilities without paid sick leave, thereby increasing their risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission to others (Pichler et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nicola et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Pichler et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, it is likely that women are experiencing more caregiver burden during the pandemic while being isolated from the social supports needed to reduce this burden.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the decreased desire to become pregnant, women have experienced logistical and political threats to contraception and abortion access during the Covid-19 pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outside of disease outbreaks, female caregivers are more likely to experience a specific stress termed “caregiver burden,” the multidimensional toll that caregivers experience to their social, emotional, spiritual, financial, and physical wellbeing (Adelman et al., 2014). Perceived lack of agency in choosing the role, financial stress, and social isolation are associated with higher caregiver”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Caregiver workforce
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increased risk of certain negative health outcomes and reduced healthcare access experienced by many women are typically exacerbated during pandemics.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Abstract > Observations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More broadly, differences in screening, testing, and indications for hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 among pregnant and non-pregnant people may cloud the reported conclusions, and it is unclear if the increased risks seen among pregnant people are from obstetric or SARS-CoV-2 related complications (Ellington et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellington et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A multinational survey found that women without social support are more vulnerable to negative mental health outcomes than men without social connections, due to women's greater reliance on social support (Dalgard et al., 2006).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dalgard et al., 2006 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incidents of IPV and gender-based violence (GBV) increased globally during the Ebola (2014) and Zika (2016) outbreaks (Davies and Bennett, 2016) and are escalating during Covid-19 (North, 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
- Not checked yetcites North, 2020
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beyond its direct implications for physical and mental health, IPV is a social determinant of health and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality for co-occurring diseases (Miller and Mccaw, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Mccaw, 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Covid-19 pandemic also presents a perfect storm for female informal caregivers to experience increased burden, as mentioned above, which has demonstrated negative outcomes such as poor self-care, depression, and anxiety (Adelman et al., 2014).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adelman et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This, coupled with the mental and economic strains of the pandemic, is likely initiating and exacerbating IPV and GBV (Van Gelder et al., 2020).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Gelder et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These issues will both contribute to the development of mental health disorders and limit access to mental health resources for women during and after the pandemic.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous work suggests that gendered differences in mental health disorders outside of the disease outbreaks exist largely due to structurally imposed strains on women (Afifi, 2007), with disproportionate impacts on Black, Latinx, Native, and immigrant populations, partially due to discrimination (American Psychiatric Association, 2007; Greenwood et al., 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Afifi, 2007
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Greenwood et al., 2017 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite greater utilization of mental health resources, women in the US are twice as likely to have unmet needs for mental health services as men, often because of inadequate insurance coverage and stigma associated with seeking care (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Health and Human Services, 2010
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the challenges in access to family planning in a pandemic, medication abortion facilitated by telemedicine is prohibited in eighteen US states (Guttmacher Institute, 2020). Even if pregnant people obtain prescriptions for medication abortions, mifepristone—one of the drugs used—is subject to Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) restrictions (Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017). The”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guttmacher Institute, 2020
- Not checked yetcites Mifeprex REMS Study Group, 2017
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued restrictions on abortion will inevitably increase the number of pregnant people needing obstetric care during and in the aftermath of this pandemic, burdening an already under-resourced healthcare system.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Reproductive healthcare
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women are underrepresented in drug development trials; many researchers fail to design studies with adequate samples of women, and even fewer analyze results according to gender and sex (Liu and Mager, 2016; Nowogrodzki, 2017).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Drug development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu and Mager, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Nowogrodzki, 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these circumstances represent dangerous, often tragic, public health emergencies that disproportionately affect women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Intimate partner and gender-based violence
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these risk factors can affect the mental health of all populations during the Covid-19 pandemic, there is likely a differential impact on women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender roles tend to be reinforced during times of disease outbreak (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016). This likely increases feelings of stress, dissatisfaction, and lack of autonomy among women as they try to reconcile their self-identity with their imposed roles.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Psychological response to stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pandemic will have immediate and long-term effects on women's health, highlighting the importance of gender analysis in its planning and response.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender blindness leads to health interventions that may be less effective for women at best and directly harmful to their wellbeing at worst—outcomes demonstrated in previous disease outbreaks (Smith, 2019; Davies and Bennett, 2016).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
- Not checked yetcites Davies and Bennett, 2016
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the current body of knowledge overwhelmingly focuses on differences among genders that are detrimental to women.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During disease outbreaks, “gender blindness”—the systemic failure to acknowledge gender differences in health—pervades and hinders response efforts (Smith, 2019).”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 2019 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may be aspects of women's experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic and other disease outbreaks that are beneficial to women's health, but our discussion of those topics is limited by the negativity bias of reporting in the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the literature cited here regarding gender and disease outbreaks come from the SARS, Ebola, and Zika outbreaks.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we recognize that gender is often framed through a lens of ethnocentrism, classism, and heteronormativity, which limits our description of the literature.”
§ Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Health inequities are compounded in women who have intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status, immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.
“These health inequities are compounded in women with intersecting identities such as non-white race, low socioeconomic status (SES), immigrant status, lower education, older age, rural geographic location, disability, and LGBTQIA identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The societal effects of the Covid-19 pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.
“Much as the SARS-CoV-2 virus confers disproportionate morbidity to individuals on the periphery of health—the elderly and those with chronic medical conditions—the societal effects of the pandemic disproportionately impact marginalized populations.”
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“For migrant women with young children, especially single mothers, the risk for mental health issues, including depression, is high due to the accumulation of risk factors (e.g., caregiving roles, economic insecurity) (44, 46).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our results, as well as the emerging literature on the COVID-19 pandemic' impacts on wellbeing and mental health, highlight the vulnerability and the potential severe and long-term effects that the pandemic may have for certain groups (21, 44, 45).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
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- Purdie, 2020, Sex, gender and COVID-19: disaggregated data and health disparities, BMJ Global Health Blog
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 554
Karkala, A., Moschonas, S., Sykas, G., Karagianni, M. A., Gilou, S. C., Papaefthymiou, O., & Kourtidou‐Papadeli, C. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002616 · Cited by 7
“Our regression analysis model showed that the female sex was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of exhibiting symptoms of depression and anxiety perhaps due to female employees' reduced salary compared with their male counterparts, especially during the pandemic.(50) Women have indeed been found to be i…”
Deslauriers, F., Boucher, V. G., Léger, C., Vieira, A. M., Bacon, S., & Lavoie, K. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15658-z · Cited by 8
“In terms of mental health, women were more likely to report suffering from severe anxiety, depression, isolation and anger than men, which is consistent with the results of previous studies [22, 25].”
InfluentialPodar, M.-D. (2023) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100389 · Cited by 7
Li, X., & Jiang, L. (2024) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-024-06653-7 · Cited by 7
“Due to their frequent role of caregiver for the sick and injured of the families and societies in situations of pandemic and disasters, women are more susceptible to environmental risks (Connor et al. 2020).”
Proeschold‐Bell, R. J., Stringfield, B., Yao, J., Choi, J., Eagle, D. E., Hybels, C. F., Parnell, H. E., Keefe, K., & Shilling, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/00916471211046227 · Cited by 7
“Future researchers should explore the reasons for gender differences in Sabbath-keeping interest, and this may be particularly important given the disproportionately negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working women (Connor et al., 2020).”
El-Dallal, M., Saroufim, A., Systrom, H. K., Ballou, S., Farhoud, A. A., Pasam, R. T., Gadupudi, S. S., Osman, K. T., Chaudrey, K., Cheifetz, A. S., et al. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365521.2021.2013527 · Cited by 9
“This stress may stem from a lack of social support, changes in work environment, and increased parenting roles, including remote learning participation and other caregiving responsibilities [23].”
Outreach to the Veterans Crisis Line During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Analysis
Krishnamurti, L. S., Agha, A. Z., Iverson, K. M., Monteith, L. L., & Dichter, M. E. (2022) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202200044 · Cited by 7
Gama, A. F., Marques, M. J., Rocha, J. V., Lopes, S. A., Kinaan, W., Machado, A. S., & Dias, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013201 · Cited by 7
“Particularly vulnerable populations include those in more adverse socioeconomic conditions, at greater risk of income loss and unemployment, and with increased difficulties in accessing health services [15,16], as are some migrants.”
Gisinger, T., Dev, R., Kautzky, A., Harreiter, J., Raparelli, V., Kublickiene, K. R., Herrero, M. T., Norris, C. M., Lavoie, K., Pilote, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2022.0115 · Cited by 8
“38 Even though this study investigates an European population, access to care could also be worse in European women than in men.”
Sahoo, K. C., Negi, S., Mahapatra, P., Samantaray, K., Dash, G. C., Dubey, S., Sahay, M. R., Sahoo, R. K., Bhattacharya, D., Sahoo, B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1170386 · Cited by 10
Gray, J., Santos‐Lozada, A. R., Hard, G., Apsley, H. B., O’Sullivan, D., & Jones, A. A. (2023) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171231188187 · Cited by 7
“Studies have also identified that women report poorer psychological adjustment to the stressors of the pandemic, which was related to issues that disproportionately affect women.(17,31) Results also indicated a significant Table 2.”
Sense of coherence and social support as predictors of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic
Penachiotti, F. D. F., Yamaguchi, M. U., Mana, A., Sagy, S., & Milani, R. G. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0468 · Cited by 7
“This pattern continued throughout the COVID-19 pandemic(26).”
Systems biology approaches to identify driver genes and drug combinations for treating COVID-19
Ebrahimi, A., & Roshani, F. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52484-8 · Cited by 7
Martignoni, M. M., Arino, J., & Hurford, A. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240186 · Cited by 7
Johnson, R. K., Marker, K. M., Mayer, D., Shortt, J., Kao, D. P., Barnes, K. C., Lowery, J. T., & Gignoux, C. R. (2022) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/37327 · Cited by 7
“Among US women, this has been described in several areas, including the health care workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, and mental health [13].”
Intimate partner violence and postpartum healthcare access in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
Woofter, R. C., Mboya, J., Golub, G. M., & Sudhinaraset, M. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06342-0 · Cited by 6
“During previous infectious disease outbreaks, such as Ebola and Zika, instances of intimate partner violence (IPV) increased globally, leading many to believe a similar pattern would emerge with COVID-19 [2].”
Monteith, L. L., Miller, C. N., Polzer, E. R., Holliday, R. P., Hoffmire, C. A., Iglesias, C. D., Schneider, A. L., Brenner, L. A., & Simonetti, J. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280431 · Cited by 6
“Our findings should also be considered in relation to co-occurring increases in risk factors for suicide since the pandemic began [34, 58], including interpersonal violence, financial stressors, caregiver burden, job loss, and decreased access to healthcare [44].”
Bloom, J. R., Rodriguez-Russo, C. A., Hsieh, K., Dickstein, D. R., Sheu, R., Jain, M., Moshier, E. L., Liu, J. T., Gupta, V., Kirke, D. N., et al. (2024) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol31010029 · Cited by 7
Sahay, M. R., Dubey, S., Sahoo, R. K., Kanungo, S., Sahoo, K. C., & Pati, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.847753 · Cited by 6
Avoidance of Emergency Care in the Southeastern United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Gettler, E. B., Stern, R. A., Ni, B., Munro, H. M., Steinwandel, M. D., Aronoff, D. M., Gupta, D. K., Sanderson, M., Shrubsole, M. J., & Lipworth, L. P. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac161 · Cited by 6
“Disproportionate caregiving burdens in formal and unpaid roles during the pandemic may partially explain the higher odds of emergency health care avoidance among women [10].”
Protective role of ginseng in endometriosis during covid-19
Song, J., & Lee, Y. (2022) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2022.08.002 · Cited by 6
“The COVID pandemic has had many mental and physical adverse effects on women's health, anxiety, and depression [15,16].”
Thomas, L. E., Emich, A., Weiss, E. R., Zisman, C. R., Foray, K., Roberts, D. M., Page, E., & Ernst, M. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221078310 · Cited by 6
Carter‐Edwards, L., Hightower, M., Schick, V., Nguyen, T. T., Hidalgo, B., Stone, L. C., Laird, R., Ossip, D. J., Rubio, M., Ferreira, S. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2022.512 · Cited by 6
Researchers on ice? How the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted Antarctic researchers
Liggett, D., Herbert, A., Badhe, R., Charnley, G. E. C., Hudson, K. P. C., Kelman, I., Lee, W. S., Lorenzo, C., Marques‐Quinteiro, P., Nash, M., et al. (2023) · Antarctic Science · doi:10.1017/s0954102023000020 · Cited by 6
“…by women (Shockley et al. 2021), who have reported an increase in household and caregiving responsibilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (Nash & Churchill 2020, Bonacini et al. 2021, Langin 2021) and have thus been subjected to significant 'multifactorial stress' (Connor et al. 2020).”
Person-centered care for diverse women: Narrative review of foundational research
Dong, K., & Gagliardi, A. R. (2023) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057231192317 · Cited by 6
Halverson, M. M., Wallace, L. E., Tebepah, T. C., Riccelli, V., Bajada, A., & Herbers, J. E. (2023) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13082 · Cited by 6
Early maladaptive schemas and perceived impact of COVID-19: the moderating role of sex and gambling
Estévez, A., Macía, L., Diego, G. A., & Herrero, M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05337-y · Cited by 6
Examining the Role of Social Determinants of Health and COVID-19 Risk in 28 African Countries
Moise, I. K., Ortiz-Whittingham, L. R., Owolabi, K., Halwindi, H., & Miti, B. A. (2024) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid4010009 · Cited by 6
Jiang, N., Ao, C., Long, Y., Wei, Y., Xu, L., Lei, B., & Mao, B. (2024) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-023-04396-2 · Cited by 6
“The health preference group experienced a significant change in their perceived risk impact and acceptability of pollution after the COVID-19 pandemic, the high transmission and mortality rates of the COVID-19 pandemic, which made people aware of the importance of health (Connor et al., 2020).”
Araújo, M. D. P. N., Barroso, R. D. R. F., Machado, M. L., Cunha, C. D. M., Queiroz, V. A. D. O., Martins, P. C., & de Santana, M. L. P. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18068 · Cited by 9
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Women’s Health in Brazil
dos Santos, L., Stevanato, K. P., Roszkowski, I., Pedroso, R. B., Pelloso, F. C., Freitas, K. M. S., Carvalho, M. D. D. B., & Pelloso, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s322100 · Cited by 6
Sheykhangafshe, F. B., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2021) · خانواده پژوهی · doi:10.52547/jfr.17.1.45 · Cited by 6
Simmons, K., Hyde, J., Harmanci, D., Iwuji, C. C., Bremner, S. A., & Llewellyn, C. D. (2025) · Community Health Equity Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/2752535x251358919 · Cited by 5
“22 After adjusting for risk factors, the prescribing rate for Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) in underserved localities is 18% lower than in af fl uent areas.”
Kemp, C. G., Mensa‐Kwao, A., Concepcion, T. L., Hughsam, M., Queen, E., Sinha, M., & Collins, P. Y. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100214 · Cited by 5
da Cunha, A. C. C., Katz, L., Amorim, A. F. C., Coutinho, I., Souza, A. S. R., Katz, S. K., Souza, G., Souza, G., Farias, L., Lemos, R., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2023.2260056 · Cited by 5
“This alarm was raised as early as 2020 in a US publication [19] and later corroborated by a CDC report in February 2022 [20].”
Essue, B. M., Kapiriri, L., Mohamud, H., Veléz, M. C., & Kiwanuka, S. N. (2023) · Health Policy OPEN · doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100113 · Cited by 5
“…exacerbated the circumstances of several groups of people, especially girls and women [1], who are often at risk of further marginalization during times of health and economic crises due to existing vulnerabilities and inequalities that are anchored in the social determinants of health [2].”
Rural–urban differences in the perceived impact of COVID-19 on mental health by European women
Rodríguez, M., & Ballesta, J. A. C. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01443-3 · Cited by 5
“Research confirms a gender-differentiated impact of COVID-19 on women, with women experiencing a more pronounced decline in mental well-being compared to men (Connor et al. 2020; Devoto et al. 2022; Riecher-Rössler 2022; Wade et al. 2021).”
Pereira, J. P. C., Jacques, L. S., Santos, T. M. D. C., Pereira, F. A. C., Castelo, P. M., & Borges, B. D. B. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01499-1 · Cited by 5
Fox‐Harding, C., Harris, S. A., Rogers, S., Vial, S., Beranek, P., Turner, M., & Cruickshank, T. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.624267 · Cited by 5
Hardships & Resilience: Families in a Pandemic
Kanewischer, E. J. W., Mueller, C., Pylkkanen, M., & Tunks, S. (2021) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807211054182 · Cited by 8
“More mothers than fathers are either being let go or forced to quit in order to stay home to take care of their children (Connor et al., 2020; Qian & Fuller, 2020; Schieman et al., 2021).”
The moderating effect of care‐burden on formal caregiver's mental health during COVID ‐19
Karni‐Efrati, Z., Palgi, Y., Greenblatt‐Kimron, L., & Bodner, E. (2022) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12482 · Cited by 5
Bird, M. J., Li, G., MacNeil, A., Jiang, Y., de Groh, M., & Fuller‐Thomson, E. (2023) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s421675 · Cited by 6
“For many women, caregiving responsibilities were severely exacerbated during the pandemic, resulting in increased caregiver burden(21) and declines in mental health.(22) Older adults with a history of cancer who had functional limitations had more than double the odds of both incident and recurrent depression when com…”
Haffejee, F., Maharajh, R., & Sibiya, M. N. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20227040 · Cited by 5
“It has been shown that women experienced different health risks and implications during the pandemic; these determinants include social, economic, and cultural factors [13].”
DeSouza, A., Wang, D., Wong, J. J., Furlan, A. D., Hogg‐Johnson, S., Macedo, L. G., Mior, S. A., & Côté, P. (2023) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000002388 · Cited by 5
Barnes, B. G., Cussatt, M., Dalton, D. W., & Harp, N. L. (2024) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12980 · Cited by 7
Shahrbabaki, P. M., Zeidabadinejad, S., Abolghaseminejad, P., Dehghan, M., Asadilari, M., Zakeri, M. A., Shahrour, G., & Lari, L. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310434 · Cited by 5
Sudom, K., Guérin, E., & Lee, J. E. C. (2021) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0012 · Cited by 5
Xu, J. J., Chen, J. T., Belin, T. R., Brookmeyer, R., Suchard, M. A., & Ramirez, C. M. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11167403 · Cited by 5
Martino, E., & Bentley, R. (2021) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/19491247.2021.2002658 · Cited by 6
Schuster, B., Britton, H., Seo, H., Altschwager, D., Booton, E., Ault, M. M., Wickliffe, J., & Ramaswamy, M. (2022) · Women & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/08974454.2022.2040692 · Cited by 5
“…new to understand its long-term effects, some initial studies indicate that survivors of the virus may face persistent or permanent cardiovascular problems, lung damage, and neurological problems (Connor et al., 2020; Heneka et al., 2020; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, 2020; Post, 2021).”
Macinko, J. A., Seixas, B. V., Woolley, N. O., & Lima‐Costa, M. F. (2022) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3461 · Cited by 5
Almeida, C. P. P., Novo, A., Lluch‐Canut, T., Ferré‐Grau, C., & Sequeira, C. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12826 · Cited by 4
“Thus, pandemic events affect the general population, but many stressors affect especially women, identifying sex as a vulnerability factor (Almeida et al., 2020; Broche- Pérez et al., 2020; Connor et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Özdin & Bayrak Özdin, 2020; Qiu et al., 2020).”
The Consequences of the Pandemic for Subjective Well-Being: Data for Improving Policymaking
Martínez, L. M., Lora, E. A., & Espada, A. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416572 · Cited by 5
“…a higher probability of requiring intensive care and higher odds of death as a consequence of COVID-19 [48], reports show that women were more affected by a broad range of factors, including their professional careers [49], an increase in domestic violence [50] and increased health risks [51].”
Parvin, T., Rosenbaum, S., Ozen, S., Ewagata, L., & Ventevogel, P. (2022) · Intervention · doi:10.4103/intv.intv_18_21 · Cited by 5
COVID-19 IN HEALTH WORKERS: AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY FROM SINAN DATA, 2020-2021
Romano, P. H., Hillesheim, D., Hallal, A. L. C., Menegon, F. A., & Menegon, L. D. S. (2023) · Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2022-0325en · Cited by 5
Pazo, P. G., Guillén-Solà, M., Santos-Sopena, Ò. O., García‐Avelló, M., & Amengual, M. D. L. B. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15169 · Cited by 5
Briozzo, L., Tomasso, G., Trujillo, J., Viroga, S., Pintos, J., Nozar, F., Alemán, A., & Buekens, P. M. (2023) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.14778 · Cited by 4
Lee, K., Park, Y. M., Choi, J. K., & Lee, J. (2023) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.14340 · Cited by 5
“Sex differences in health risks and the implications were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, 20 and this discrepancy was evident in eye diseases.”
Rangwala, S., & Djafarova, E. (2025) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-10-2023-1066 · Cited by 4
Wang, Y., & Li, C. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251326673 · Cited by 6
“9,21 In addition, a number of cross-sectional studies have suggested that China ’ s unique urban – rural household registration system is an important environmental variable in fl uencing mental health inequalities, particularly among older Chinese and rural female populations 22 – 24.”
Bal-Bocheńska, M., Wyszyńska, J., & Kołodziej, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14134533 · Cited by 4
“While previous studies have explored sex-related differences in post-COVID recovery [29], it has also been reported that women tend to experience higher levels of fatigue than men [30], which may partly explain their greater responsiveness to physiotherapy observed in our study.”
Impact of COVID-19 on health risk behaviors in northern California: A cross-sectional survey
Telias, A., Dougan, M., & Pignotti, G. A. P. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102051 · Cited by 4
“This increased risk is potentially associated with women’s expanded household responsibilities and unpaid care burden during the pandemic as well as holding less secure jobs (Connor et al., 2020; Power, 2020).”
Vollmann, M., Todorova, I. L. G., Salewski, C., & Neter, E. (2023) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/10693971221149783 · Cited by 5
“It has also shown that access to regular health care has been limited during these months for many women, affecting reproductive health and perinatal care (Connor et al., 2020).”
Bethge, M., Fauser, D., Zollmann, P., & Streibelt, M. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04627-w · Cited by 4
“As known from other pandemics this also contributes to an increased risk of reduced healthcare access [33, 34].”
Shifts in medical cannabis use in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lake, S., Cooper, Z. D., Ong, K., & Lucas, P. (2023) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.43.3.02 · Cited by 4
Chin, E., Leung, K., Simas, T. A. M., & Kumaraswami, T. N. (2023) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057231175311 · Cited by 4
“This finding can be explained by (1) smaller sample size after excluding telehealth individuals and (2) some contraception requiring in-person administration.”
InfluentialWillingness to Fly during the COVID-19 pandemic
Combs, E. K., Crouse, S. R., Bell, K. D., & Truong, D. (2024) · Journal of Air Transport Management · doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102575 · Cited by 4
A longitudinal analysis of the effects of COVID-19 on tourists’ health risk perceptions
Carballo, R. R., León, C. J., & Carballo, M. M. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117230 · Cited by 4
Gonzalez-Guarda, R. M., Pan, W., Buzelli, P., Mack, B., McCabe, B. E., Stafford, A. M., Tanna, A., & Walker, J. K. L. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117429 · Cited by 5
Walters, C., McDonald, E., Sheers, C., Hawkins, K., Solich, H., Anderson, J., Simic, N., Moore, D., Stevenson, T., Lawn, S., et al. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70093 · Cited by 4
“…response rate of females within the study, which may reflect the gendered nature of caring [24 – 26], or more importantly, the gender dynamics that occur within pandemics with the ‘ downloading of care responsibilities onto women ’ [27, p. 362], where women absorb the greater burden of care [28].”
A Closer Look at Women's Health Centers: Historical Lessons and Future Aims
White, M., & Shroff, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2021.0098 · Cited by 4
“48,49 Importantly, women have reported an increased desire to avoid pregnancy as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
InfluentialIrons, R. (2022) · European Journal of Women s Studies · doi:10.1177/13505068221085905 · Cited by 4
Garni, A., & Melander, L. A. (2023) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2022.2137613 · Cited by 4
“…be conducted with additional and more diverse cases, including with people from other countries and cultures, LGBTQ+ individuals, and even further across time and context, to expand both empirical and theoretical generalizability (see Connor et al., 2020; Rieger et al., 2022; Wirtz et al., 2020).”
Heck, C. J., Theodore, D., Sovic, B., Austin, E. D., Yang, C. Y., Rotbert, J., Greissman, S., Zucker, J. E., Autry, A., Catallozzi, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2156797 · Cited by 4
Ballester‐Arnal, R., García, J. E. N., Ruiz‐Palomino, E., García-Barba, M., Fernández‐García, O., & Gil‐Llario, M. D. (2023) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102719 · Cited by 4
Llamas-Clark, E. F., Heralde, F. M., Lumandas, M. U., Cagayan, M. S. F. S., Villanueva-Uy, M. E. T., Coloma, L. C., Valencia, E. I., Cabana, C. A. S., Espinosa, L. B. H., Anzures, C. U., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070688 · Cited by 4
The Role of Spirituality in the Workplace in the Post-Pandemic
Tekin, P. Ş. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83753-450-020231013 · Cited by 6
Veldhuis, C. B. (2023) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v43.1.05 · Cited by 4
“31,148 53-55, 150 Pandemic-related Pandemic-related stressors Very few studies focused on BIPOC populations, which is particularly troubling given the sizable racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 infections and deaths 159 and the compounding impacts of sociopolitical events, racism (including…”
COVID‐19 and Contraceptive Use in Two African Countries: Examining Conflicting Pressures on Women
Yu, J., Grace, K. L., Boyle, E. H., Mikal, J. P., Gunther, M., & Kristiansen, D. (2024) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12606 · Cited by 4
Haddad, D. J., Nelson, D., Sherman, N., Tatusko, M., & DeSilva, G. L. (2024) · JBJS Open Access · doi:10.2106/jbjs.oa.23.00124 · Cited by 4
How Coronavirus Disease 2019 Changed Dermatology Practice in 1 Year Around the World
Sun, Q., McMahon, D. E., Ugwu‐Dike, P., Sun, Q., Tang, K., Zhang, H., Suchonwanit, P., Oh, C. C., Chong, A. H., Willems, A., et al. (2021) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.det.2021.05.014 · Cited by 4
“Women were more likely to be underemployed and shoulder caregiver burden while facing increasing rates of domestic violence.(24,25) Blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans were approximately 3 to 4 times more likely to be hospitalized with COVID-19 and approximately 2 times more likely to die of COVID-19 than white, non…”
Pan, V. Y., Doerr, M. J., Hoell, C., Ryan, L. A., Erwin, D. J., Hooker, G. W., Haverty, C. E., & The National Society of Genetic Counselors GC SARS‐CoV‐2 Impact Survey Working Group (2021) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1484 · Cited by 4
“Across multiple fields, research has demonstrated an unequal impact of the pandemic on women (Connor et al., 2020; Karageorge, 2020).”
COVID-19 Pandemisinin Kadın Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkisi
KETEN, M., & Edis, E. K. (2021) · STED / Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi · doi:10.17942/sted.906529 · Cited by 4
Dhillon, H. S., & Sasidharan, S. (2021) · Health Problems of Civilization · doi:10.5114/hpc.2021.107176 · Cited by 4
González‐Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., & Muñoz, M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09823 · Cited by 4
Acceso a la atención del cáncer en los grupos vulnerables de Chile durante la pandemia de COVID-19
Cuadrado, C., Vidal, F., Pacheco, J., & Flores‐Alvarado, S. (2022) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2022.77 · Cited by 4
The Gendered Effects of COVID-19 on Well-being: A Household PerspectivePreprint
Patzina, A., Collischon, M., & Kroh, J. (2023) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/h2fa7 · Cited by 4
A patient’s perspective on mental health and the pandemic
Markham, S. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.p540 · Cited by 4
Inclusive Higher Education Challenges: Promoting Knowledge and Practice of Gender Equality
Merma-Molina, G., Martín, D. G., Solano, M. E. U., & Martínez-Roig, R. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15030272 · Cited by 3
Guin, P., Rajeshwari, B., & Mahajan, B. (2024) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.2117 · Cited by 3
Impact of covid-19 pandemic on substance use
Sönmez, D., Sönmez, K., Puşuroğlu, M., Bahçeci, B., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2024) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1475730 · Cited by 3
Akombi-Inyang, B. J., Byaruhanga, J., Boamah, S. A., Allotey, J., & Atorkey, P. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21091127 · Cited by 4
Martin, S. S. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70359 · Cited by 3
Englum, B. R., Sahoo, S., Mayorga‐Carlin, M., Siddiqui, T., Turner, D. J., Baquet, C. R., Sorkin, J. D., & Lal, B. K. (2025) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-025-17153-8 · Cited by 3
“32 While women’s preventative health care dropped by 60–90% in the early months of the pandemic, 33 the regular use of services such as breast cancer screening, cervical cancer screening, and contraception needs may have encouraged women to have more contact with health care services.”
Lemp, J. M., Kilian, C., Bright, S., Kerr, W. C., Llamosas‐Falcón, L., Mulia, N., Rehm, J. T., & Probst, C. (2025) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104826 · Cited by 3
The Importance of Context in Identifying the Recovery Needs of Women With Psychosis
Shinn, A. K., & Carol, E. E. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.21com13936 · Cited by 3
Introduction: COVID-19 and Small Island States
Campbell, Y., & Connell, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5285-1_1 · Cited by 3
Women and Work During the COVID-19 Global Pandemic
Heitner, K. L., & McCluer, J. A. (2022) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8827-7.ch016 · Cited by 3
Coping Mechanisms and Emotional Distress for Young People and Adults in Pandemic Context
Sălceanu, C. (2022) · Postmodern Openings · doi:10.18662/po/13.2/470 · Cited by 3
Gender and disruptions in family routines and stress amid COVID-19
Saxena, M., Shedlock, D. J., & Gold, Z. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2022.820882 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Connor, J., Madhavan, S., Mokashi, M., Amanuel, H., Johnson, N. R., Pace, L. E., & Bartz, D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, Jade
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 266
- Pages
- 113364
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7487147
- OpenAlex
- W3085791039
- Semantic Scholar
- 5f91593e262883768d4fad93c4f7e87d1b18ba14
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 16.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007753)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, gender differences in health, women's health, healthcare workforce, reproductive health, drug development, gender-based violence, mental health, health care access, health equity, economic impact of pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Intimate Partner Violence, Drug Development, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Health Status, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Caregivers, Workplace, Pregnant People, Racial Groups, Pandemics
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