The socioeconomic consequences of loneliness: Evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal study of young adults
Open accessAbstract
The negative health consequences of loneliness have led to increasing concern about the economic cost of loneliness in recent years. Loneliness may also incur an economic burden more directly, by impacting socioeconomic position. Much of the research to date has focused on employment status which may not fully capture socioeconomic position and has relied on cross-sectional data, leaving questions around the robustness of the association and reverse causation. The present study used longitudinal data to test prospective associations between loneliness and multiple indicators of social position in young adulthood, specifically, whether participants who were lonelier at age 12 were more likely to be out of employment, education and training (NEET) and lower on employability and subjective social status as young adults. The data were drawn from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a birth cohort of 2,232 individuals born in England and Wales during 1994-1995. Loneliness and subjective social status were measured at ages 12, 18 and 26. Employability and NEET status were assessed at age 18. Findings indicate that greater loneliness at age 12 was prospectively associated with reduced employability and lower social status in young adulthood. The association between loneliness and lower social status in young adulthood was robust when controlling for a range of confounders using a sibling-control design. Results also indicate that loneliness is unidirectionally associated with reduced subjective social status across adolescence and young adulthood. Overall, our findings suggest that loneliness may have direct costs to the economy resulting from reduced employability and social position, underlining the importance of addressing loneliness early in life.
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These items have also been used to assess loneliness and social isolation in several previous studies in this cohort, supporting the comparison of the present findings to earlier work.
“These items have also been used to assess loneliness and social isolation in several previous studies in this cohort (e.g.Bryan et al., 2024;Matthews et al., 2022;Thompson et al., 2023), supporting the comparison of the present findings to earlier work”
From Investigating the interplay of loneliness and social isolation across adolescence: Findings from a nationally representative longitudinal study (2026) · cites this paper as Bryan et al., 2024
The Method > Measures passage (page not supplied) confirms that Bryan et al. used four UCLA Loneliness Scale items to assess loneliness in the cohort at ages 18 and 26. It does not show those items being used to assess social isolation as a separate measure, so that part of the attribution is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Bryan, B. T., Thompson, K. N., Goldman-Mellor, S., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., So, S. L. S., Uddin Rahman, M., Wertz, J., Matthews, T., & Arseneault, L.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Arseneault, Louise
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-03
- Volume
- 345
- Pages
- 116697
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11845567
- OpenAlex
- W4392059283
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 12.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- UKRI Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Youth Education and Societal Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- loneliness, socioeconomic position, subjective social status, employability, NEET status, unemployment, young adults, adolescence, Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, early intervention
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