Estrogen and the skeleton
Open accessAbstract
Estrogen is the major hormonal regulator of bone metabolism in women and men. Therefore, there is considerable interest in unraveling the pathways by which estrogen exerts its protective effects on bone. Although the major consequence of the loss of estrogen is an increase in bone resorption, estrogen deficiency is associated with a gap between bone resorption and formation, indicating that estrogen is also important for maintaining bone formation at the cellular level. Direct estrogen effects on osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts lead to inhibition of bone remodeling, decreased bone resorption, and maintenance of bone formation, respectively. Estrogen also modulates osteoblast/osteocyte and T-cell regulation of osteoclasts. Unraveling these pleiotropic effects of estrogen may lead to new approaches to prevent and treat osteoporosis.
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Excessive resorption by osteoclasts without the corresponding amount of neoformed bone by osteoblasts contributes to bone loss and osteoporosis.
“For example, excessive resorption by osteoclasts without the corresponding amount of nerformed bone by osteoblasts contributes to bone loss and osteoporosis [16]”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
Estrogen plays crucial roles for bone tissue homeostasis.
“Estrogen plays crucial roles for bone tissue homeostasis; the decrease in estrogen level at menopause is the main cause of bone loss and osteoporosis [16].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
The decrease in estrogen level at menopause is the main cause of bone loss and osteoporosis.
“Estrogen plays crucial roles for bone tissue homeostasis; the decrease in estrogen level at menopause is the main cause of bone loss and osteoporosis [16].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
The systemic factors important to the maintenance of bone homeostasis include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.
“The systemic factors which are important to the maintenance of bone homeostasis include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens [16, 147–150].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
Estrogen suppresses osteoclast formation and activity.
“The estrogen suppresses the osteoclast formation and activity as well as induces osteoclast apoptosis [16, 76, 104, 154].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
Estrogen induces osteoclast apoptosis.
“The estrogen suppresses the osteoclast formation and activity as well as induces osteoclast apoptosis [16, 76, 104, 154].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Khosla, S., Oursler, M. J., & Monroe, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Khosla, Sundeep
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 576-581
- ISSN
- 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3424385
- OpenAlex
- W2119221073
- Cited by
- 943
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG004875, AG004875)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR-027065, R01AR027065)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- estrogen, bone metabolism, estrogen deficiency, bone resorption, bone formation, bone remodeling, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoporosis prevention, osteoporosis treatment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bone and Bones, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Male, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes, Osteoporosis, T-Lymphocytes, Bone Remodeling
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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