The amazing osteocyte
Open accessAbstract
The last decade has provided a virtual explosion of data on the molecular biology and function of osteocytes. Far from being the “passive placeholder in bone,” this cell has been found to have numerous functions, such as acting as an orchestrator of bone remodeling through regulation of both osteoclast and osteoblast activity and also functioning as an endocrine cell. The osteocyte is a source of soluble factors not only to target cells on the bone surface but also to target distant organs, such as kidney, muscle, and other tissues. This cell plays a role in both phosphate metabolism and calcium availability and can remodel its perilacunar matrix. Osteocytes compose 90% to 95% of all bone cells in adult bone and are the longest lived bone cell, up to decades within their mineralized environment. As we age, these cells die, leaving behind empty lacunae that frequently micropetrose. In aged bone such as osteonecrotic bone, empty lacunae are associated with reduced remodeling. Inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor and glucocorticoids used to treat inflammatory disease induce osteocyte cell death, but by different mechanisms with potentially different outcomes. Therefore, healthy, viable osteocytes are necessary for proper functionality of bone and other organs. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Osteocytes play numerous important functions in bone.
“In fact, it has been recognized that these cells play numerous important functions in bone [8].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Osteocytes act as mechanosensors and orchestrators of the bone remodeling process.
“There is evidence that osteocytes act as mechanosensors and orchestrators of this bone remodeling process [5–8].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Osteocyte markers including dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and sclerostin are highly expressed in mature osteocytes.
“On the other hand, osteocyte markers including dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and sclerostin are highly expressed [8, 62–64].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Upon mechanical stimulation, osteocytes produce secondary messengers such as ATP, nitric oxide, Ca2+, and prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2), which influence bone physiology.
“Upon mechanical stimulation, osteocytes produce several secondary messengers, for example, ATP, nitric oxide (NO), Ca2+, and prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2,) which influence bone physiology [8, 80].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Osteocytes play key roles during the bone remodeling cycle.
“Besides osteoclasts and osteoblasts, it has been demonstrated that osteocytes play key roles during the bone remodeling cycle [8].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The remaining osteoblasts on bone trabecular endosteal and endocortical surfaces might differentiate into BLCs or remain embedded in matrix, undergo osteocytogenesis, and become osteocytes (5%-20% of mature osteoblasts).
“The remaining osteoblasts (those on the bone trabecular endosteal and endocortical surfaces) might differentiate into BLCs, which are characterized by lower biosynthetic activity and a flat morphology, or they might remain embedded in the matrix, undergo the active process of osteocytogenesis,288 and become osteocytes (5%–20% of mature osteoblasts).”
From Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence (2022) · cites this paper as [288]
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“Ineffective remodeling of bonewith advanced age is also partially explained by a reduction in responsiveness to mechanical loads,((107)) possibly via alterations in mechanosensation by osteocytes.((14)) Interestingly, this age‐related decline in bone remodeling in response to mechanical load parallels that of the decr…”
BackgroundOsteocyte necrosis triggers osteoclast-mediated bone loss through macrophage-inducible C-type lectin
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- Authors
- Bonewald, L. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bonewald, Lynda F
- ORCID
- Bonewald, Lynda F
- Venue
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-12-16
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 229-238
- ISSN
- 0884-0431 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-4681
- PMC
- PMC3179345
- OpenAlex
- W2019582558
- Cited by
- 2,287
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 134 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 152 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 189 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 128 · 2015: 165 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 147 · 2012: 133
- FWCI
- 8.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (P01AR046798, RC2AR058962, AR 46798)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Bone and Dental Protein Studies
- Keywords
- osteocytes, bone remodeling, osteoclast regulation, phosphate metabolism, calcium availability, bone aging, TNF-α, glucocorticoids
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bone and Bones, Calcium, Cell Survival, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Inflammation, Models, Biological, Osteocytes, Phosphates, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Bone Remodeling, Mice
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