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Cited by 10Eating Disorders and BehaviorsSports Performance and TrainingNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

Þegar orkuna skortir–áhrif hlutfallslegs orkuskorts í íþróttum (RED-s) á heilsu og árangur

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Faculty of Health promotion, Sport and Leisure Studies, University of Iceland, Varðardóttir, Birna, Guðmundsdóttir, Sigríður Lára, Faculty of Health promotion, Sport and Leisure Studies, University of Iceland, Ólafsdóttir, Anna Sigríður, Faculty of Health promotion, Sport and Leisure Studies, University of Iceland·2020·Læknablaðið
DOI 10.17992/lbl.2020.09.596
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Abstract

Fulfilling individual energy and nutrient requirements is of great importance for athletes to support overall health and well-being, training adaptation, recovery and injury prevention. Energy availability is the amount of energy left over and available for bodily functions after the energy expended for training is subtracted from the energy taken in from food. The syndrome of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-s) refers to the multifactorial health and performance consequences of low energy availability. Potential physiological implications of RED-s include impaired metabolic rate, hormonal disruptions, menstrual dysfunction, reduced bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health. These can have short and long term consequences on health and sport performance. Causes of RED-s range from unintentional (e.g. lack of awareness or difficulties with meeting high energy requirements) to more intentional behaviors and further to clinical eating disorders. RED-s prevalence appears to differ between sports and sport disciplines, with highest risk in endurance, aesthetic and weight-class sports. This article summarizes current knowledge of RED-s implications for health and performance, and highlights the importance of early diagnosis and screening. Research on RED-s in Icelandic athletes is warranted as it could support development of national guidelines, prevention and treatment protocols.

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  • LEA and REDs are considered to be most prevalent in endurance, aesthetic, and weight-class sports.

    “Similarly to eating disorders, LEA and REDs are considered to be most prevalent in endurance, aesthetic, and weight-class sports [1].”

    From Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Introduction (Inngangur; page unavailable) says RED-s prevalence varies by sport and that risk is thought highest in endurance, aesthetic, and weight-class sports. The paper defines RED-s as consequences of low energy availability, but the cited passages do not separately establish that low energy availability itself is most prevalent in those sports. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Sports nutritionists, coaches and athletes should be cautious with the potential physiological implications of relative energy deficiency in sport, which includes impaired metabolic rate, hormonal disruptions, menstrual dysfunction, reduced bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health.

    “Sports nutritionists, coaches and athletes should be cautious with the potential physiological implications of the relative energy deficiency in sport, which includes impaired metabolic rate, hormonal disruptions, menstrual dysfunction, reduced bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health [41,42].”

    From The 4R’s Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates (2020) · cites this paper as [41]

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med 2014; 48: 491-7.
  2. Jasienska G. Energy metabolism and the evolution of reproductive suppression in the human female. Acta Biotheoretica 2003; 51: 1-18.
  3. Scofield KL, Hecht S. Bone health in endurance athletes: runners, cyclists, and swimmers. Curr Sports Med Rep 2012; 11: 328-34.

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Authors
Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S., Varðardóttir, B., Guðmundsdóttir, S. L., Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S., Ólafsdóttir, A. S., & Faculty of Health promotion, S. A. L. S.
Affiliations
University of Iceland (IS)
ORCID
Venue
Læknablaðið
Publisher
Laeknabladid/The Icelandic Medical Journal
Published
2020-09-07
Volume
106
Issue
09
Pages
406-413
ISSN
  • 0023-7213 (ISSN-L)
  • 1670-4959
DOI
10.17992/lbl.2020.09.596
OpenAlex
W3083091565
Cited by
10
References
60
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
FWCI
0.10
Type
journal article
Language
is
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • Læknablaðið (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Hirsla (Landspítali University Hospital) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords
relative energy deficiency in sport, energy availability, athletes, energy and nutrient requirements, menstrual disorders, bone health, immune function, protein synthesis, cardiovascular health, eating disorders, athletic performance
MeSH terms
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, Energy Intake, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Nutritional Requirements, Nutritional Status, Nutritive Value, Physical Endurance, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Athletes

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