Linguistic effect on speech perception observed at the brainstem
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Early linguistic experience affects perception and cortical processing of speech, even in infants. The current study examined whether linguistic effects extend to brainstem speech encoding, where responses are rapid, automatic, and preattentive. We focused on transient consonants and measured perception behaviorally and the corresponding complex auditory brainstem response (cABR) onset using simultaneous electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) in native Spanish and English speakers. We demonstrate that the latency of an EEG-cABR onset peak predicts consonant perception and that the perception differs according to language background. MEG-cABR analysis demonstrates deep sources for the onset, providing complimentary support for a brainstem origin. Effects of early linguistic experience on speech perception can be observed at the earlier stage of speech encoding at the brainstem.
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In adults, the cABR is malleable by higher-level processes, such as early language and music experience, as well as short-term training.
“In adults, instead of a passive relay for information up through the auditory system, the cABR has been shown to be malleable by higher-level processes, such as early language and music experience, as well as short-term training [42–44].”
From Tracking Acquisition of Language in Kids (TALK) study protocol: A longitudinal investigation of infants at high vs. low risk for atypical speech and language development (2026) · cites this paper as [44]
The Abstract (page not provided) reports effects of early language experience on the cABR frequency-following response and says early music training enhances that response in adults. The Discussion reports language-related cABR onset differences in adult speakers. It does not show that short-term training changes adults’ cABR; its short-term-experience examples concern animals and infants. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Zhao, T. C., & Kuhl, P. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kuhl, Patricia K.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-08-13
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 8716-8721
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6126758
- OpenAlex
- W2887933483
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 3.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD083091)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- language experience, speech perception, auditory brainstem, consonant perception, cross-cultural comparison, brain-behavior relationship, frequency-following response, magnetoencephalography, EEG
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Stem, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Pitch Perception, Speech Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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