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Roles of Supplementary Motor Areas in Auditory Processing and Auditory Imagery
Open accessAbstract
Although the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas have been intensely investigated in relation to their motor functions, they are also consistently reported in studies of auditory processing and auditory imagery. This involvement is commonly overlooked, in contrast to lateral premotor and inferior prefrontal areas. We argue here for the engagement of supplementary motor areas across a variety of sound categories, including speech, vocalizations, and music, and we discuss how our understanding of auditory processes in these regions relate to findings and hypotheses from the motor literature. We suggest that supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas play a role in facilitating spontaneous motor responses to sound, and in supporting a flexible engagement of sensorimotor processes to enable imagery and to guide auditory perception.
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![Figure 1 Anatomy of the Supplementary Motor Areas. (A) The medial surface of the right hemisphere of the human brain showing the locations of SMA (blue) and pre-SMA (red). SMA occupies the medial area 6aα, and pre-SMA is located anteriorly in medial area 6aβ. The broken line represents the vertical plane through the anterior commissure (VCA line, y = 0), typically considered as the border between pre-SMA and SMA. The maps were taken from the Human Motor Area Template (HMAT) [26], which uses both anatomical information and probability distributions estimating the likelihood of functional activation to characterize the shape, extent, and area of motor and premotor cortices. Area 4 corresponds to the primary motor cortex. (B) The medial surface of the macaque monkey brain showing area F3 (blue), which corresponds to SMA, and area F6 (red), which corresponds to pre-SMA. Area F1 corresponds to primary motor cortex. The human figure was generated from the Conte69 human surface-based atlas and the macaque figure was generated from subject F99 using Connectome Workbench software version 1.1.1. Anatomical parcellations of the macaque brain were sourced from the Markov et al.[118] atlas. Numbers in white represent locations of Brodmann's areas located in close proximity to SMA and pre-SMA. The gradients above SMA in the human and macaque brains illustrate the somatotopy in this region, with face/mouth (F/M), upper limb (UL), and lower limb (LL) representations depicted along an anterior-to-posterior orientation.](/paper-figures/e07366d31bc64b248ae46ea31efa19cd/roles-of-supplementary-motor-areas-in-auditory-processing-and-auditory-imagery-figure-1.jpg)
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“The experience of NCVH likely also involves regions associated with the generation and monitoring of speech-motor imagery, as well as sensorimotor processes, such as the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas (SMA/pre-SMA; Linden et al., 2011;Lima et al., 2016).”
From Distinct processing of ambiguous speech in people with non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations (2017) · cites this paper as Lima et al., 2016
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The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control
Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100301 · Cited by 2,974
Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain
Patterson, K., Nestor, P. J., & Rogers, T. T. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2277 · Cited by 2,706
Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas
Nachev, P., Kennard, C., & Husain, M. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2478 · Cited by 1,928
When the brain plays music: auditory–motor interactions in music perception and production
Zatorre, R. J., Chen, J. L., & Penhune, V. B. (2007) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2152 · Cited by 1,896
Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing
Rauschecker, J. P., & Scott, S. K. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2331 · Cited by 1,766
Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and Functional Activation
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Brain Structures Differ between Musicians and Non-Musicians
Christian Gaser, B., & Gottfried Schlaug, A. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-27-09240.2003 · Cited by 1,626
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“These ideas resonate with the ‘emulation’ framework discussed in relation to action control, and generalized to motor imagery, perception, and prediction [112,113].”
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Vogt, 1919, Allgemeine ergebnisse unserer hirnforschung, Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, 25, 277
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Distinct processing of ambiguous speech in people with non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations
Alderson-Day, B., Lima, C. F., Evans, S., Krishnan, S., Shanmugalingam, P., Fernyhough, C., & Scott, S. K. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx206 · Cited by 108
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lima, C. F., Krishnan, S., & Scott, S. K.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Sophie K.
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 527-542
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5441995
- OpenAlex
- W2473628615
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT090961MA, 090961)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Keywords
- supplementary motor area, pre-supplementary motor area, auditory processing, auditory imagery, sensorimotor integration, speech perception, vocalizations, music perception, auditory perception
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Auditory Perception, Humans, Imagination, Motor Activity, Motor Cortex
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